Product Name:	Human Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit (RRM1) ELISA Kit
SKU:	HUEB0468
Size:	96T
Target:	Human Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit (RRM1)
Synonyms:	Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M1, Ribonucleotide reductase large subunit, RR1
Assay Type:	Sandwich
Detection Method:	ELISA
Reactivity:	Human
Detection Range:	0.156-10ng/mL
Sensitivity:	0.078ng/mL

Intra CV:

4.8%

Inter CV:

7.3%

Linearity:

Sample	1:2	1:4	1:8	1:16
Serum(N=5)	101-111%	87-97%	89-99%	93-104%
EDTA Plasma(N=5)	103-112%	95-105%	90-90%	88-98%
Heparin Plasma(N=5)	108-117%	112-112%	99-109%	104-114%

Recovery:

Sample Type	Average(%)	Recovery Range(%)
Serum	100	94-106
Plasma	102	96-108

Function:

Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides.

Uniprot:	P23921
Sample Type:	Serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids
Specificity:	Natural and recombinant human Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit
Sub Unit:	Heterodimer of a large and a small subunit. Heterodimer with small subunit RRM2 or RRM2B. The heterodimer with RRM2 has higher catalytic activity than the heterodimer with RRM2B. Interacts with AHCYL1 which inhibits its activity.
Research Area:	Epigenetics
Subcellular Location:	Cytoplasm
Storage:	Please see kit components below for exact storage details
Note:	For research use only

UniProt Protein Function:	RRM1: an enzyme involved in DNA replication that provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides. Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase large chain family. Heterodimer of a large and a small subunit. Heterodimer with small subunit RRM2 or RRM2B. The heterodimer with RRM2 has higher catalytic activity than the heterodimer with RRM2B. Under complex allosteric control mediated by deoxynucleoside triphosphates and ATP binding to separate specificity and activation sites on the M1 subunit. The type of nucleotide bound at the specificity site determines substrate preference. It seems probable that ATP makes the enzyme reduce CDP and UDP, dGTP favors ADP reduction and dTTP favors GDP reduction. Stimulated by ATP and inhibited by dATP binding to the activity site. Two distinct regulatory sites have been defined: the specificity site, which controls substrate specificity, and the activity site which regulates overall catalytic activity. A substrate-binding catalytic site, located on M1, is formed only in the presence of the second subunit M2. The level of the enzyme activity is closely correlated with the growth rate of a cell and appears to vary with the cell cycle. Patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer responded favorably to gemcitabine.
UniProt Protein Details:	Protein type:Nucleotide Metabolism - purine; Other Amino Acids Metabolism - glutathione; DNA replication; EC 1.17.4.1; Nucleotide Metabolism - pyrimidine; Oxidoreductase Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 11p15.5 Cellular Component: nucleoplasm; cell projection; cell soma; cytoplasm; nuclear envelope; cytosol Molecular Function:protein binding; ATP binding; ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase activity Biological Process: pyrimidine base metabolic process; nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process; nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide interconversion; retina development in camera-type eye; cell proliferation in forebrain; male gonad development; deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process; protein heterotetramerization; mitotic cell cycle; response to ionizing radiation; DNA replication
NCBI Summary:	This gene encodes the large and catalytic subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, an enzyme essential for the conversion of ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides. A pool of available deoxyribonucleotides is important for DNA replication during S phase of the cell cycle as well as multiple DNA repair processes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2015]
UniProt Code:	P23921
NCBI GenInfo Identifier:	132608
NCBI Gene ID:	6240
NCBI Accession:	P23921.1
UniProt Secondary Accession:	P23921,P07742,
UniProt Related Accession:	P23921
Molecular Weight:	90kDa
NCBI Full Name:	Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit
NCBI Synonym Full Names:	ribonucleotide reductase catalytic subunit M1
NCBI Official Symbol:	RRM1
NCBI Official Synonym Symbols:	R1; RR1; RIR1
NCBI Protein Information:	ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit
UniProt Protein Name:	Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit
UniProt Synonym Protein Names:	Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M1; Ribonucleotide reductase large subunit
UniProt Gene Name:	RRM1
UniProt Entry Name:	RIR1_HUMAN

Component	Quantity (96 Assays)	Storage
ELISA Microplate (Dismountable)	8×12 strips	-20°C
Lyophilized Standard	2	-20°C
Sample Diluent	20ml	-20°C
Assay Diluent A	10mL	-20°C
Assay Diluent B	10mL	-20°C
Detection Reagent A	120µL	-20°C
Detection Reagent B	120µL	-20°C
Wash Buffer	30mL	4°C
Substrate	10mL	4°C
Stop Solution	10mL	4°C
Plate Sealer	5	-

Other materials and equipment required:

Microplate reader with 450 nm wavelength filter
Multichannel Pipette, Pipette, microcentrifuge tubes and disposable pipette tips
Incubator
Deionized or distilled water
Absorbent paper
Buffer resevoir

*Note: The below protocol is a sample protocol. Protocols are specific to each batch/lot. For the correct instructions please follow the protocol included in your kit.

Allow all reagents to reach room temperature (Please do not dissolve the reagents at 37°C directly). All the reagents should be mixed thoroughly by gently swirling before pipetting. Avoid foaming. Keep appropriate numbers of strips for 1 experiment and remove extra strips from microtiter plate. Removed strips should be resealed and stored at -20°C until the kits expiry date. Prepare all reagents, working standards and samples as directed in the previous sections. Please predict the concentration before assaying. If values for these are not within the range of the standard curve, users must determine the optimal sample dilutions for their experiments. We recommend running all samples in duplicate.

Step
1.	Add Sample: Add 100µL of Standard, Blank, or Sample per well. The blank well is added with Sample diluent. Solutions are added to the bottom of micro ELISA plate well, avoid inside wall touching and foaming as possible. Mix it gently. Cover the plate with sealer we provided. Incubate for 120 minutes at 37°C.
2.	Remove the liquid from each well, don't wash. Add 100µL of Detection Reagent A working solution to each well. Cover with the Plate sealer. Gently tap the plate to ensure thorough mixing. Incubate for 1 hour at 37°C. Note: if Detection Reagent A appears cloudy warm to room temperature until solution is uniform.
3.	Aspirate each well and wash, repeating the process three times. Wash by filling each well with Wash Buffer (approximately 400µL) (a squirt bottle, multi-channel pipette,manifold dispenser or automated washer are needed). Complete removal of liquid at each step is essential. After the last wash, completely remove remaining Wash Buffer by aspirating or decanting. Invert the plate and pat it against thick clean absorbent paper.
4.	Add 100µL of Detection Reagent B working solution to each well. Cover with the Plate sealer. Incubate for 60 minutes at 37°C.
5.	Repeat the wash process for five times as conducted in step 3.
6.	Add 90µL of Substrate Solution to each well. Cover with a new Plate sealer and incubate for 10-20 minutes at 37°C. Protect the plate from light. The reaction time can be shortened or extended according to the actual color change, but this should not exceed more than 30 minutes. When apparent gradient appears in standard wells, user should terminatethe reaction.
7.	Add 50µL of Stop Solution to each well. If color change does not appear uniform, gently tap the plate to ensure thorough mixing.
8.	Determine the optical density (OD value) of each well at once, using a micro-plate reader set to 450 nm. User should open the micro-plate reader in advance, preheat the instrument, and set the testing parameters.
9.	After experiment, store all reagents according to the specified storage temperature respectively until their expiry.

When carrying out an ELISA assay it is important to prepare your samples in order to achieve the best possible results. Below we have a list of procedures for the preparation of samples for different sample types.

Sample Type	Protocol
Serum	If using serum separator tubes, allow samples to clot for 30 minutes at room temperature. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1,000x g. Collect the serum fraction and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles. If serum separator tubes are not being used, allow samples to clot overnight at 2-8°C. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1,000x g. Remove serum and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.
Plasma	Collect plasma using EDTA or heparin as an anticoagulant. Centrifuge samples at 4°C for 15 mins at 1000 × g within 30 mins of collection. Collect the plasma fraction and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Note: Over haemolysed samples are not suitable for use with this kit.
Urine & Cerebrospinal Fluid	Collect the urine (mid-stream) in a sterile container, centrifuge for 20 mins at 2000-3000 rpm. Remove supernatant and assay immediately. If any precipitation is detected, repeat the centrifugation step. A similar protocol can be used for cerebrospinal fluid.
Cell culture supernatant	Collect the cell culture media by pipette, followed by centrifugation at 4°C for 20 mins at 1500 rpm. Collect the clear supernatant and assay immediately.
Cell lysates	Solubilize cells in lysis buffer and allow to sit on ice for 30 minutes. Centrifuge tubes at 14,000 x g for 5 minutes to remove insoluble material. Aliquot the supernatant into a new tube and discard the remaining whole cell extract. Quantify total protein concentration using a total protein assay. Assay immediately or aliquot and store at ≤ -20 °C.
Tissue homogenates	The preparation of tissue homogenates will vary depending upon tissue type. Rinse tissue with 1X PBS to remove excess blood & homogenize in 20ml of 1X PBS (including protease inhibitors) and store overnight at ≤ -20°C. Two freeze-thaw cycles are required to break the cell membranes. To further disrupt the cell membranes you can sonicate the samples. Centrifuge homogenates for 5 mins at 5000xg. Remove the supernatant and assay immediately or aliquot and store at -20°C or -80°C.
Tissue lysates	Rinse tissue with PBS, cut into 1-2 mm pieces, and homogenize with a tissue homogenizer in PBS. Add an equal volume of RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitors and lyse tissues at room temperature for 30 minutes with gentle agitation. Centrifuge to remove debris. Quantify total protein concentration using a total protein assay. Assay immediately or aliquot and store at ≤ -20 °C.
Breast Milk	Collect milk samples and centrifuge at 10,000 x g for 60 min at 4°C. Aliquot the supernatant and assay. For long term use, store samples at -80°C. Minimize freeze/thaw cycles.