Description
Human Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (DLD) ELISA Kit
The Human Dihydrolipoyl Dehydrogenase (Mitochondrial DLD) ELISA Kit is a powerful tool for the precise measurement of DLD levels in human samples such as serum, plasma, and cell culture supernatants. With its superior sensitivity and specificity, this kit delivers accurate and consistent results, making it an excellent choice for a variety of research applications.DLD, also known as dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, is an essential enzyme involved in the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Dysregulation of DLD expression has been linked to various metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer, highlighting its importance as a potential biomarker for disease development and progression.By utilizing the Human DLD ELISA Kit, researchers can gain valuable insights into the role of DLD in health and disease, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies and biomarker identification. Order your kit today and unlock the potential of DLD research in your laboratory.
| Product Name: | Human Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (DLD) ELISA Kit |
| SKU: | HUEB1706 |
| Size: | 96T |
| Target: | Human Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (DLD) |
| Synonyms: | Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, Glycine cleavage system L protein, GCSL, LAD, PHE3 |
| Assay Type: | Competitive |
| Detection Method: | ELISA |
| Reactivity: | Human |
| Detection Range: | 0.78-50ng/mL |
| Sensitivity: | 0.45ng/mL |
| Intra CV: | 8.4% | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Inter CV: | 11.1% | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Linearity: |
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| Recovery: |
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| Function: | Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a component of the glycine cleavage system as well as an E3 component of three alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes (pyruvate-, alpha-ketoglutarate-, and branched-chain amino acid-dehydrogenase complex). In monomeric form has additional moonlighting function as serine protease (PubMed:17404228). Involved in the hyperactivation of spermatazoa during capacitation and in the spermatazoal acrosome reaction. |
| Uniprot: | P09622 |
| Sample Type: | Serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids |
| Specificity: | Natural and recombinant human Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial |
| Sub Unit: | Homodimer (PubMed:15946682). Part of the multimeric pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that contains multiple copies of pyruvate dehydrogenase (subunits PDH1A and PDHB, E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (DLAT, E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD, E3) (PubMed:14638692). These subunits are bound to an inner core composed of about 48 DLAT and 12 PDHX molecules (by non covalent bonds) (PubMed:14638692, PubMed:20361979). Interacts with PDHX (PubMed:20385101, PubMed:16442803, PubMed:20160912, PubMed:20361979). |
| Research Area: | Cell Biology |
| Subcellular Location: | Mitochondrion matrix Cytoplasmic vesicle Secretory vesicle Acrosome Cell projection Cilium Flagellum |
| Storage: | Please see kit components below for exact storage details |
| Note: | For research use only |
| UniProt Protein Function: | DLD: a multi-functional mitochondrial enzyme. An enzymatic component of the mitochondrial glycine cleavage system, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC), the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, and the branched-chain alpha-keto acide dehydrogenase complex. Is the E3 component of the PDHC that catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2. The E3 component has dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase activity. The PDHC contains 20-30 copies of pyruvate decarboxylase tetramers (2 alpha:2 beta)(E1), 60 copies of dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2), six homodimers of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3), plus E3 binding proteins. Defects in DLD are a cause of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), characterized by mental and physical retardation, feeding problems and a maple syrup odor to the urine. The keto acids of the branched-chain amino acids are present in the urine, resulting from a block in oxidative decarboxylation. Differentially expressed in the Wernicke's Area from patients with schizophrenia. Inhibited by 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (MICA). |
| UniProt Protein Details: | Protein type:Amino Acid Metabolism - glycine, serine and threonine; Amino Acid Metabolism - valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation; Oxidoreductase; Carbohydrate Metabolism - glycolysis and gluconeogenesis; Mitochondrial; EC 1.8.1.4; Carbohydrate Metabolism - pyruvate; Carbohydrate Metabolism - citrate (TCA) cycle Chromosomal Location of Human Ortholog: 7q31-q32 Cellular Component: nucleoplasm; mitochondrion; mitochondrial matrix; acrosomal matrix; cilium Molecular Function:mercury (II) reductase activity; FAD binding; mercury ion binding; dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase activity; NADP binding Biological Process: cellular metabolic process; regulation of membrane potential; mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone; cell redox homeostasis; tricarboxylic acid cycle; detoxification of mercury ion; lysine catabolic process; regulation of acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate; gastrulation; branched chain family amino acid catabolic process; proteolysis; pyruvate metabolic process; sperm capacitation Disease: Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase Deficiency |
| NCBI Summary: | This gene encodes a member of the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. In homodimeric form, the encoded protein functions as a dehydrogenase and is found in several multi-enzyme complexes that regulate energy metabolism. However, as a monomer, this protein can function as a protease. Mutations in this gene have been identified in patients with E3-deficient maple syrup urine disease and lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014] |
| UniProt Code: | P09622 |
| NCBI GenInfo Identifier: | 269849557 |
| NCBI Gene ID: | 1738 |
| NCBI Accession: | P09622.2 |
| UniProt Secondary Accession: | P09622,Q14131, Q14167, Q59EV8, Q8WTS4, B2R5X0, B4DHG0 B4DT69, |
| UniProt Related Accession: | P09622 |
| Molecular Weight: | 509 |
| NCBI Full Name: | Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial |
| NCBI Synonym Full Names: | dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase |
| NCBI Official Symbol: | DLD |
| NCBI Official Synonym Symbols: | E3; LAD; DLDD; DLDH; GCSL; PHE3 |
| NCBI Protein Information: | dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial; diaphorase; lipoamide reductase; lipoamide dehydrogenase; glycine cleavage system L protein; glycine cleavage system protein L; E3 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, 2-oxo-glutarate complex, branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase complex |
| UniProt Protein Name: | Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial |
| UniProt Synonym Protein Names: | Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase; Glycine cleavage system L protein |
| Protein Family: | Delta-like protein |
| UniProt Gene Name: | DLD |
| UniProt Entry Name: | DLDH_HUMAN |
| Component | Quantity (96 Assays) | Storage |
| ELISA Microplate (Dismountable) | 8×12 strips | -20°C |
| Lyophilized Standard | 2 | -20°C |
| Sample Diluent | 20ml | -20°C |
| Assay Diluent A | 10mL | -20°C |
| Assay Diluent B | 10mL | -20°C |
| Detection Reagent A | 120µL | -20°C |
| Detection Reagent B | 120µL | -20°C |
| Wash Buffer | 30mL | 4°C |
| Substrate | 10mL | 4°C |
| Stop Solution | 10mL | 4°C |
| Plate Sealer | 5 | - |
Other materials and equipment required:
- Microplate reader with 450 nm wavelength filter
- Multichannel Pipette, Pipette, microcentrifuge tubes and disposable pipette tips
- Incubator
- Deionized or distilled water
- Absorbent paper
- Buffer resevoir
*Note: The below protocol is a sample protocol. Protocols are specific to each batch/lot. For the correct instructions please follow the protocol included in your kit.
Allow all reagents to reach room temperature (Please do not dissolve the reagents at 37°C directly). All the reagents should be mixed thoroughly by gently swirling before pipetting. Avoid foaming. Keep appropriate numbers of strips for 1 experiment and remove extra strips from microtiter plate. Removed strips should be resealed and stored at -20°C until the kits expiry date. Prepare all reagents, working standards and samples as directed in the previous sections. Please predict the concentration before assaying. If values for these are not within the range of the standard curve, users must determine the optimal sample dilutions for their experiments. We recommend running all samples in duplicate.
| Step | |
| 1. | Add Sample: Add 100µL of Standard, Blank, or Sample per well. The blank well is added with Sample diluent. Solutions are added to the bottom of micro ELISA plate well, avoid inside wall touching and foaming as possible. Mix it gently. Cover the plate with sealer we provided. Incubate for 120 minutes at 37°C. |
| 2. | Remove the liquid from each well, don't wash. Add 100µL of Detection Reagent A working solution to each well. Cover with the Plate sealer. Gently tap the plate to ensure thorough mixing. Incubate for 1 hour at 37°C. Note: if Detection Reagent A appears cloudy warm to room temperature until solution is uniform. |
| 3. | Aspirate each well and wash, repeating the process three times. Wash by filling each well with Wash Buffer (approximately 400µL) (a squirt bottle, multi-channel pipette,manifold dispenser or automated washer are needed). Complete removal of liquid at each step is essential. After the last wash, completely remove remaining Wash Buffer by aspirating or decanting. Invert the plate and pat it against thick clean absorbent paper. |
| 4. | Add 100µL of Detection Reagent B working solution to each well. Cover with the Plate sealer. Incubate for 60 minutes at 37°C. |
| 5. | Repeat the wash process for five times as conducted in step 3. |
| 6. | Add 90µL of Substrate Solution to each well. Cover with a new Plate sealer and incubate for 10-20 minutes at 37°C. Protect the plate from light. The reaction time can be shortened or extended according to the actual color change, but this should not exceed more than 30 minutes. When apparent gradient appears in standard wells, user should terminatethe reaction. |
| 7. | Add 50µL of Stop Solution to each well. If color change does not appear uniform, gently tap the plate to ensure thorough mixing. |
| 8. | Determine the optical density (OD value) of each well at once, using a micro-plate reader set to 450 nm. User should open the micro-plate reader in advance, preheat the instrument, and set the testing parameters. |
| 9. | After experiment, store all reagents according to the specified storage temperature respectively until their expiry. |
When carrying out an ELISA assay it is important to prepare your samples in order to achieve the best possible results. Below we have a list of procedures for the preparation of samples for different sample types.
| Sample Type | Protocol |
| Serum | If using serum separator tubes, allow samples to clot for 30 minutes at room temperature. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1,000x g. Collect the serum fraction and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles. If serum separator tubes are not being used, allow samples to clot overnight at 2-8°C. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1,000x g. Remove serum and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles. |
| Plasma | Collect plasma using EDTA or heparin as an anticoagulant. Centrifuge samples at 4°C for 15 mins at 1000 × g within 30 mins of collection. Collect the plasma fraction and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Note: Over haemolysed samples are not suitable for use with this kit. |
| Urine & Cerebrospinal Fluid | Collect the urine (mid-stream) in a sterile container, centrifuge for 20 mins at 2000-3000 rpm. Remove supernatant and assay immediately. If any precipitation is detected, repeat the centrifugation step. A similar protocol can be used for cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Cell culture supernatant | Collect the cell culture media by pipette, followed by centrifugation at 4°C for 20 mins at 1500 rpm. Collect the clear supernatant and assay immediately. |
| Cell lysates | Solubilize cells in lysis buffer and allow to sit on ice for 30 minutes. Centrifuge tubes at 14,000 x g for 5 minutes to remove insoluble material. Aliquot the supernatant into a new tube and discard the remaining whole cell extract. Quantify total protein concentration using a total protein assay. Assay immediately or aliquot and store at ≤ -20 °C. |
| Tissue homogenates | The preparation of tissue homogenates will vary depending upon tissue type. Rinse tissue with 1X PBS to remove excess blood & homogenize in 20ml of 1X PBS (including protease inhibitors) and store overnight at ≤ -20°C. Two freeze-thaw cycles are required to break the cell membranes. To further disrupt the cell membranes you can sonicate the samples. Centrifuge homogenates for 5 mins at 5000xg. Remove the supernatant and assay immediately or aliquot and store at -20°C or -80°C. |
| Tissue lysates | Rinse tissue with PBS, cut into 1-2 mm pieces, and homogenize with a tissue homogenizer in PBS. Add an equal volume of RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitors and lyse tissues at room temperature for 30 minutes with gentle agitation. Centrifuge to remove debris. Quantify total protein concentration using a total protein assay. Assay immediately or aliquot and store at ≤ -20 °C. |
| Breast Milk | Collect milk samples and centrifuge at 10,000 x g for 60 min at 4°C. Aliquot the supernatant and assay. For long term use, store samples at -80°C. Minimize freeze/thaw cycles. |
