2844 results for 'IFN-β'

Immunology · CytokinesIFN-gamma: Signalling, Function and Roles in Inflammation, Cancer and AutoimmunityInterferon gamma is the sole type II interferon and one of the most consequential cytokines in i

Quick Facts About EmapalumabWhat is Emapalumab?Emapalumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). It is the first FDA-approved therapy for primary

Almost any inflammatory phenotype in a mouse can be assigned to a cytokine by taking that cytokine away. Neutralisation is the most direct causal test immunology has: inject a functional-grade antibo

Both interferon families run through STAT1, and that single shared subunit is why they are so often conflated — and why conflating them is a mistake. Type I interferon assembles STAT1 into a three-pa

Toll-like receptors are the reason a milligram of endotoxin can kill a mouse. They are the fastest, least discriminating layer of immunity: germline-encoded sensors that read conserved microbial chem

The antigen tells a CD4 T cell to respond; the cytokine tells it what kind of response to make. A naive CD4⁺ T cell leaving the thymus is uncommitted. Within about seventy-two hours of engaging TCR/C

Every T-cell response begins with a protein being taken apart. Before a CD8 or CD4 T cell can see anything, an antigen has to be degraded into peptides of the right length, delivered to the right com

Double-stranded DNA in the cytosol is always a mistake. A virus has uncoated, a mitochondrion has ruptured, a micronucleus has burst, or a chromosome has been broken and left unrepaired. cGAS treats

Dozens of cytokines converge on four kinases and seven transcription factors. That compression is the problem JAK–STAT has to solve, and it is why this map is drawn as receptor, kinase and STAT colum

Understanding the immune system's intricacies requires models that accurately reflect its complexity. The rat, as a model organism, plays a crucial role in immunological research, particularly in

High Sensitivity Cytokine ELISA Kits & Multiplex Panels | Assay Genie

Custom Multiplex Panels | 415+ Analytes, 5 Species | Assay Genie

High Sensitivity Cytokine ELISA Kits & Multiplex Panels | Assay Genie

Regulatory T cells cannot make the cytokine they depend on. FOXP3 represses the Il2 locus, so every Treg lives on IL-2 secreted by the conventional T cells it exists to restrain. That asymmetry expla

The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918-1919 was the deadliest in history. It is estimated that up to 100 million people died from the virus, which is more than three times the number who d

As atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory disease, there are many influential biomarkers that contribute to the disease’s progression as well as biomarkers from atherosclerosis related di

CD4+ T cells are central to the immune system, functioning as coordinators of immune responses and regulators of immune tolerance. These cells are divided into two primary subtypes: Helpe

Th17 cells, a subset of T helper cells characterized by their production of interleukin-17 (IL-17), play a significant role in the immune system's response to pathogens and in the pathology of au

CD155 is read by four different receptors, and only one of them turns the killing programme on. The nectin and nectin-like ligands induced on stressed and transformed cells are simultaneously an acti

Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in orchestrating various cellular processes, ranging from embryonic development to tissue homeostasis and immune resp

Loading Control Antibodies | GAPDH, \u03b2-Actin & Tubulin | Assay Genie

Natural killer (NK) cells are a crucial component of the innate immune system and play a significant role in eliminating tumor cells. Unlike T cells, NK cells can recognize and kill cance

A T cell does not choose which tissue to defend. The tissue chose it, during priming. A naive T cell has no tropism at all; it acquires one from the dendritic cell that activates it, and the instruct

Almost all of the TGF-β in a tissue is already there, and almost none of it is active. That single fact reorganises how the pathway should be studied. Unlike most cytokines, TGF-β is deposited into t

In the realm of immunology, CXCL chemokines emerge as fascinating conductors. These small proteins, marked by their CXC motif, wield considerable influence over our immune responses and a ra

Explore the complexities of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) signaling and regulation, a crucial aspect in immune response modulation and its dual roles in cancer development and therapy. Key Takeaways:

Non-Human Primate (NHP) Multiplex ELISA & Cytokine Panels | Assay Genie

Exploring IL-18: A key cytokine in inflammation and disease. Key Takeaways: IL-18, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a pivotal role in immune responses, particularly in inducing Type II

What is a Macrophage? Macrophages are indeed a type of phagocyte, responsible for engulfing and destroying foreign particles and cellular debris. They are larger cells with more cytoplasm an

Quick Facts About LitifilimabWhat is Litifilimab?Litifilimab is a monoclonal antibody developed by Biogen targeting BDCA2, a receptor on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), to regulate

Microbiology · AntibioticsPenicillin vs Streptomycin: The Battle of AntibioticsPenicillin and streptomycin are two of the most important antibiotics ever discovered — and they work in completely diffe

Research Antibodies: Primary, Secondary & In Vivo | Assay Genie

PD-1 gets the attention, but it is one brake among many — and the others do not work the same way. The co-inhibitory receptors are routinely drawn as interchangeable stop signs on a T cell. They are

Rat Multiplex ELISA & Cytokine Assay Panels | Assay Genie

A natural killer cell decides by subtraction. It carries no rearranged antigen receptor and no memory of what it has seen. It presses a panel of germline-encoded receptors against a target and integr

Two drugs aimed at the same axis can give opposite results in the same disease. Blocking IL-23p19 is highly effective in psoriasis and works in Crohn’s disease. Blocking IL-17A directly is highly eff

Introduction Tumorigenesis, the process by which normal cells transform into cancer cells, is a multifaceted and complex event influenced by various internal and external factors. Among the

Immunology · HyperinflammationCytokine Storm and Cytokine Release Syndrome: Mechanisms, Triggers and MarkersA cytokine storm is a self-amplifying inflammatory response in which cytokine release drives

PharmaGenie ELISA キット | Assay Genie | Assay Genie

What is Hepatocyte Growth Factor? Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a cytokine that is mainly produced by the liver. HGF is a pleiotrophic cytokine that regulates cell growth, motilit

ELISA Sampler Packs | 70+ Pathway & Disease Kit Packs | Assay Genie

Complete T Helper Cell Guide: Th1, Th2, Th17 & Functions - Your Ultimate Resource from Assay GenieIn this guide, we will explore the differences between TH1 and TH2 cells, their crucial r

The inflammasome is one of the few innate pathways that destroys the cell it activates. A macrophage that assembles NLRP3 has committed to a decision it cannot reverse: a priming signal through TLR4

Introduction to FoxP3 and Regulatory T Cells in CancerFoxP3 (forkhead box P3) is a transcription factor critical for the development and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), a speciali

Protocols · Western BlottingBoiling Proteins for Western BlottingHeating protein samples in SDS loading buffer denatures proteins and coats them in a uniform negative charge for clean SDS-PAGE s

The Th1 Pathway In this guide, we will explore the differences between TH1 and TH2 cells, their crucial roles in the immune system, and the contributions of cytokines and transcription f

In the intricate tapestry of the immune system, macrophages play a pivotal role, orchestrating a wide range of biological responses that protect the body against pathogens, remove cellular debris,

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in maintaining immune balance by suppressing excessive immune responses that could lead to tissue damage. However, in the context of cancer,

Immunology · Antigen PresentationDendritic Cells: Markers, Activation and SubtypesDendritic cells are the professional antigen-presenting cells that decide whether an immune response happens at all. T

CXCL16 CXCL16, a unique member of the CXC chemokine family, stands at the crossroads of immune modulation and vascular biology. Initially discovered as a chem

For decades, immunologists believed that only adaptive immunity—the sophisticated system of T cells and B cells—could form lasting memories of past infections. The innate immune system, our body's fir

SuperSet DIY Development ELISA Kits | Coat Your Own Plates | Assay Genie

Quick Facts About AbituzumabWhat is Abituzumab?Abituzumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets αv-integrins, playing a role in cancer treatment and fibrotic diseases.What is the mechani

Western Blot Protocol & Troubleshooting Guide | 14 Steps + 101 Tips | Assay Genie

The CD28 molecule plays a crucial role in amplifying T cell activation, which is critical for mounting effective immune responses against tumors. By engaging with co-stimulatory molecules

The most abundant immunosuppressive molecule in a solid tumour is not a protein. It is adenosine — a metabolite, produced from ATP in two enzymatic steps, at concentrations orders of magnitude above

T Cell Types, Activation, Polarization & Function A comprehensive guide to T cells! Introduction T-cells, vital components of the immune system, encompass vari

Introduction to TNFRSF9 and Its Role in Immune ActivationTNFRSF9, also known as 4-1BB or CD137, is a co-stimulatory receptor expressed on the surface of T cells, natural killer (NK) cells

The human body is a complex and intricate system where various components work together to maintain health and combat potential threats. Among these essential players are the TNF cyt

A macrophage does not decide to eat; it counts votes. Every particle it touches carries a mixture of pro-phagocytic and inhibitory ligands, and engulfment follows only when the activating tally clear

Introduction to TLR4 and Cancer Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a key component of the innate immune system, primarily responsible for detecting infections and initiating inflammatory resp