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By Dr. Lisa Dwane, Postdoctoral Researcher, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland The first link between estrogen and breast cancer was made in the late 1

The germinal centre is where antibody quality is made. A naive B cell that binds antigen does not become a source of protective, high-affinity IgG by accident. It passes through a tightly choreograph

Tumor-Associated Macrophages: Double Agents in the Cancer Battlefield In the intricate theater of the human body, the immune system acts as a vigilant guardian, dispatching cellular soldiers to seek

A natural killer cell decides by subtraction. It carries no rearranged antigen receptor and no memory of what it has seen. It presses a panel of germline-encoded receptors against a target and integr

Imagine a world where cancer treatment is no longer a blunt instrument but a precision-guided surgical strike, executed by the body's own immune system. For years, we have dreamed of 'smart' cells th

Quick Facts About BrodalumabWhat is Brodalumab?Brodalumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the IL-17 receptor to treat immune-mediated conditions like moderate-to-severe plaque psor

An antibody's variable domains decide what it binds. Its Fc decides what happens next — and that is not a detail of formulation, it is half the mechanism. Which Fcγ receptor the constant region engag

The T-cell receptor is the most finely calibrated detector in immunology. It must discriminate an agonist peptide present at a few dozen copies from a self peptide present at tens of thousands, and i

Blocking TNF cures rheumatoid arthritis in some patients and triggers demyelination in others. That is not a dosing problem, and it is not a patient-selection problem. It is the direct consequence of

Dozens of cytokines converge on four kinases and seven transcription factors. That compression is the problem JAK–STAT has to solve, and it is why this map is drawn as receptor, kinase and STAT colum

Toll-like receptors are the reason a milligram of endotoxin can kill a mouse. They are the fastest, least discriminating layer of immunity: germline-encoded sensors that read conserved microbial chem

Imagine an elite squad of soldiers sent to neutralize a hidden fortress, only to find themselves wandering aimlessly in a thick, disorienting fog just outside the gates. This is the current reality f

Interleukin signaling is involved in a number of biological processes, including cell growth and differentiation, inflammation and immunity. Interleukins are glycoproteins which act on hema

By Eoin Mac Réamoinn Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are renowned for their fundamental roles in innate sensing and initiating inflammatory responses. TLRs acco

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) were first discovered in the 1960s by Dr.Marshall Urist, an orthopaedic surgeon at UCLA (Urist 1965). BMPs are classically associated with their roles in limb

Progression of the JAK STAT Signalling Pathway Cellular communication is a complex network of molecular interactions that govern various physiological processes. Among the many signal

In the realm of immunology, CXCL chemokines emerge as fascinating conductors. These small proteins, marked by their CXC motif, wield considerable influence over our immune responses and a ra