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    Urea Assays(Page)

    Urea Assay Kits | Urea Cycle, Ammonia & Amino Acid Assays | Assay Genie

    The Role of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2(Post)

    Structure, Function, and Detection Assays for COVID-2019 Background The global spread of the novel cor

    FAO Activity Negative Results? Data Analysis Help(Post)

    Quick answer On the Fatty Acid Oxidation (FAO) Assay Kit (BR00001), a researcher found that a subset of skeletal-muscle samples returned negative values once the control well was subtr

    T cell Immunophenotyping - A Guide(Post)

    Immunology · Flow CytometryT Cell Immunophenotyping: Markers, Subsets and Panel DesignImmunophenotyping identifies cell populations by the proteins on their surface. For T cells that means resolving n

    TUNEL staining : The method of choice for measuring cell death(Post)

    Techniques · Apoptosis DetectionTUNEL Staining: The Method of Choice for Measuring Cell DeathTUNEL staining is a gold-standard technique for detecting apoptosis in situ. By labelling the fragmented DN

    DNA Ligation(Page)

    Your Th2 Phenotype Might Not Be a T Cell(Post)

    If your knockout showed a type 2 phenotype and you attributed it to Th2 cells, there is a reasonable chance you were looking at something else. Innate lymphoid cells run T-bet, GATA3 and RORγt — not

    One Ligand, Two Receptors, Opposite Jobs: TNFR1 vs TNFR2(Post)

    Blocking TNF cures rheumatoid arthritis in some patients and triggers demyelination in others. That is not a dosing problem, and it is not a patient-selection problem. It is the direct consequence of

    Binding Is the Easy Part(Post)

    An antibody–drug conjugate is not a targeted drug. It is a delivery problem with an antibody bolted to the front of it. Binding is the easy part, and it is almost never the part that fails. What deci

    Th17 and IL-23: Why Blocking IL-17 Sometimes Backfires(Post)

    Two drugs aimed at the same axis can give opposite results in the same disease. Blocking IL-23p19 is highly effective in psoriasis and works in Crohn’s disease. Blocking IL-17A directly is highly eff

    One Integrin Chain, Two Partners, Brain or Gut(Post)

    A chemokine gradient does not move a leukocyte anywhere. It only tells one that has already stopped which way to go. That sentence is the whole map. Trafficking is a four-step cascade and the steps a

    Lipid Metabolism Assays(Page)

    Lipid Metabolism Assay Kits | Cholesterol, Fatty Acids & Bile Acids | Assay Genie

    Promising COVID-19 Therapeutics(Post)

    SARS-CoV-2, the causative viral agent of the novel coronavirus disease COVID-19, has sparked a global effort for creating prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. The following

    CD4 T-Helper Differentiation: Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg and Tfh(Post)

    The antigen tells a CD4 T cell to respond; the cytokine tells it what kind of response to make. A naive CD4⁺ T cell leaving the thymus is uncommitted. Within about seventy-two hours of engaging TCR/C

    Cellular Respiration: Stages, ATP Production & Pathway Guide(Post)

    Metabolism · Biochemistry Guide Cellular Respiration: Stages, ATP Production & Pathway Guide How cells convert glucose and oxygen into ATP acr

    Cytokine Neutralisation In Vivo: Targets, Signals and Antibodies(Post)

    Almost any inflammatory phenotype in a mouse can be assigned to a cytokine by taking that cytokine away. Neutralisation is the most direct causal test immunology has: inject a functional-grade antibo

    IHC Antibodies(Page)

    IHC Antibodies | Validated Antibodies for Accurate IHC Staining | Assay Genie

    PD-1/PD-L1 Checkpoint Signalling: Pathway, Function and Assays(Post)

    PD-1 does not switch a T cell off; it moves the threshold. Engagement of PD-1 by PD-L1 recruits a single phosphatase into the immunological synapse, and that one recruitment event is enough to collap

    Unconventional T Cells: Already Armed, and No MHC Required(Post)

    Most immunology is written as though a T cell must first be told what to look for. Three lineages did not read that memo. γδ T cells, invariant NKT cells and MAIT cells leave the thymus with their ef

    Delete Every Microglial Cell, Then Ask What Changed(Post)

    Block one receptor and more than 90% of the microglia in a mouse brain are dead within a week. Not impaired — gone. Stop the block and they come back, repopulating from the survivors within another w