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A chemokine gradient does not move a leukocyte anywhere. It only tells one that has already stopped which way to go. That sentence is the whole map. Trafficking is a four-step cascade and the steps a

Immunology · T LymphocytesCD8+ T Cells: Cytotoxic Mechanisms, Memory and ExhaustionCD8+ T cells kill infected and transformed cells directly, and they do it with a specificity nothing else in the immu

COVID-19 Antibody Testing Antibody Production in COVID-19 COVID-19, the novel coronavirus disease

A wide variety of cell surface receptors activate Ras GTPase, including the tyrosine receptor linked to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (Wells 1999). Upon receptor stimulation, son o

Gastroenterology · Barrier BiologyZonulin and Intestinal PermeabilityZonulin is the best-characterised endogenous regulator of intestinal tight junctions — the protein that opens the gut barrier on de

Cancer DevelopmentCancer is a group of diseases that involves abnormal cell growth resulting in malignant tumours/ malignant neoplasms. Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity, with 14 million ne

Western Blot Protocol & Troubleshooting Guide | 14 Steps + 101 Tips | Assay Genie

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor and JAK-STAT Signalling Pathway Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a cytokine that belongs to the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines. Other members of

Written by Seán Mac Fhearraigh, PhD  •  Updated: 19 May 2026  •  ~10 min read Quick Answer A sandwich ELISA uses two antibodies — a capture ant

For decades, the primary strategy in cancer treatment has been to trigger apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, in malignant cells. However, many cancers develop resistance to apoptosis-inducin

Notch signalling pathway review The Notch signalling pathway is a highly conserved intercellular signalling pathway that regulates various cellular processes. The Notch receptor is a transmem

Quick Facts About AvizakimabWhat is Avizakimab?Avizakimab is a monoclonal antibody designed to target the CD47 protein, a key checkpoint in immune regulation, particularly in cancer ther

A natural killer cell decides by subtraction. It carries no rearranged antigen receptor and no memory of what it has seen. It presses a panel of germline-encoded receptors against a target and integr

Biomarkers · InflammationC-Reactive Protein (CRP): Structure, Function and Clinical UseCRP is the most widely measured marker of inflammation in medicine — fast to rise, fast to fall, and entirely non

Written by Seán Mac Fhearraigh, PhD  •  Updated: 19 May 2026  •  ~9 min read Quick Answer ELISA and Western Blot are both antibody-based protein detection methods. ELISA is faster, higher through

During my PhD I knew how networking was important, it helped me source reagents off other labs, get the best advice and helped me land a post doc at Cambridge University. Its not what y