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AACR 2025: Meet Assay Genie at the American Association for Cancer Research Assay Genie is delighted to be attending and exhibiting at AACR 2025 in Chicago, Illinois from the 25-30th of

SITC 2024: Meet Assay Genie at the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer Annual MeetingAssay Genie is delighted to be attending and exhibiting at SITC 2024 in Houston, Texas on Friday the

SfN 2024: Meet Assay Genie at the Society for NeuroscienceAssay Genie is delighted to be attending SfN 2024 in Chicago, Illinois on 5th to the 9th of October at the McCormick Convention

The most abundant immunosuppressive molecule in a solid tumour is not a protein. It is adenosine — a metabolite, produced from ATP in two enzymatic steps, at concentrations orders of magnitude above

Cell counting is an important part of many different scientific experiments, enabling researchers to gather crucial data about cell populations and their characteristics. In this step-by-st

PhD Interview Presentation Dos and Don’ts It is becoming increasingly common for master's and undergraduate students to present data they produced during their resea

Lab Methods · CentrifugationRPM to G-Force (RCF) Conversion: Formula, Calculator Method and Common ErrorsA protocol that says “spin at 3,000 rpm” is incomplete, because the force a sample experiences

NF-κB is not one pathway, it is two clocks running at different speeds. The canonical arm fires within minutes of TNF-α, IL-1β or LPS reaching the surface, peaks, and is switched off by feedback it e

Every leukocyte that reaches an inflamed tissue has solved the same mechanical problem. It must stop, in under a second, against a shear flow that would otherwise sweep it past the site of infection.

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Metabolism · Biochemistry Guide Cellular Respiration: Stages, ATP Production & Pathway Guide How cells convert glucose and oxygen into ATP acr

Written by Seán Mac Fhearraigh, PhD  •  Updated: 19 May 2026  •  ~9 min read Quick Answer ELISA and Western Blot are both antibody-based protein detection methods. ELISA is faster, higher through

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A T cell does not choose which tissue to defend. The tissue chose it, during priming. A naive T cell has no tropism at all; it acquires one from the dendritic cell that activates it, and the instruct

Introduction to Sci-Hub In the realm of science and academia, one name has been echoing in every corner of the globe, Sci-Hub. Created by Alexandra Elbakyan, a Kazakhstani computer scientist

Molecular Biology · ProtocolsTypical Workflow of CRISPR-Cas9 Genome EditingA CRISPR experiment is only as good as the steps around the cut. This guide walks the full workflow — designing and scoring a

Written by Seán Mac Fhearraigh, PhD  •  Updated: 19 May 2026  •  ~10 min read Quick Answer A sandwich ELISA uses two antibodies — a capture ant

Discover the distinct roles of 'In Vivo' and 'In Vitro' in biological research, where one offers a natural context and the other precise control, both vital for scientific advancement.

Immunology · Myeloid CellsGranulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils and BasophilsGranulocytes are the leukocytes with cytoplasmic granules and lobed nuclei — neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. They

Announcement · Powered by Assay GenieIntroducing BioSymposia: The Gathering Place for ScienceWe’re excited to announce the launch of BioSymposia, our new sister platform and a free home for scientific

Cell Culture · ProtocolsPassaging Hybridoma Cells: A Detailed GuideHybridomas are productive but temperamental. They grow in suspension, are sensitive to shear and to overgrowth, and — the problem tha

In Vitro vs In Vivo: Complete Comparison + Selection Guide | Research MethodsDiscover the distinct roles of 'In Vivo' and 'In Vitro' in biological research, where one offers a natural con

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Hypoxia, or low oxygen levels, poses a significant challenge to cells, necessitating rapid and efficient adaptation mechanisms. The Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) pathway is a well-known regula

Melanoma is an aggressive type of skin cancer that originates in melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin, which gives skin its color. Although it is less common than othe

Two drugs aimed at the same axis can give opposite results in the same disease. Blocking IL-23p19 is highly effective in psoriasis and works in Crohn’s disease. Blocking IL-17A directly is highly eff

Cell Culture · ProtocolsHaemocytometer Cell Counting: Procedure, Calculation and Common ErrorsA haemocytometer turns a known chamber volume into a cell concentration, and the whole method rests on fou

Clinical · Immunology Guide IgA Test: Normal Ranges, Results & What They Mean [2026] What the immunoglobulin A blood test measures, how result

Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a complex enzyme involved in the conversion of pyruvate, a product of glycolysis, into acetyl-CoA, a crucial molecule in energy production and intermediary

Clinical pathology labs play a crucial role in modern healthcare, providing critical diagnostic testing services for a wide array of diseases and conditions. These laboratories are design

Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal in the immune system, orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses. Understanding their developmental lineage pathway is crucial in immunology, particularly

Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is the most common form of kidney cancer, originating in the lining of the proximal renal tubules. RCC accounts for approximately 90% of all kidney cancers and

Quick Facts About VolagidemabWhat is Volagidemab?Volagidemab is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor antagonist designed to regulate glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis.How D

Almost all of the TGF-β in a tissue is already there, and almost none of it is active. That single fact reorganises how the pathway should be studied. Unlike most cytokines, TGF-β is deposited into t

Quick answer: A researcher subtracted the blank from a competitive ELISA (a Serotonin kit) and every result turned negative. In a competitive assay the signal is inversely proportional to

Explore 29 essential tips for crafting a compelling and well-structured PhD thesis, blending effective writing practices with time management and academic rigor for a successful dissertation journ

Cell Signalling · InflammationMAPK Signalling in Inflammatory Cytokine PathwaysMAPK cascades convert receptor engagement into changes in gene expression, and in inflammation they do it in both directi

Microbiology · ProbioticsLactobacilli: Structure, Metabolism, Identification and Probiotic UseLactobacilli are lactic acid bacteria found in fermented foods and across the human gastrointestinal, oral

For decades, the fight against cancer has been a relentless battle of attrition, often with treatments that harm the body as much as the disease. But a new era of precision medicine is dawning, one th

Only 1% of our blood is made up of white blood cells, but they have a significant impact. Alternatively referred to as leukocytes, white blood cells. We are shielded from disease and

Quick Facts About TezepelumabWhat is Tezepelumab?Tezepelumab is a monoclonal antibody designed to inhibit thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a key driver of airway inflammation in seve

Imagine a living drug, engineered from a patient's own immune system, that can hunt down and destroy cancer cells with remarkable precision. This isn't science fiction; it's the reality of Chimeric An

Immunology · Cell BiologyCells of the Innate Immune System: Types, Functions and MarkersThe innate immune system responds within minutes, without prior exposure, using cells that recognise conserved m

Autophagy, a fundamental cellular process, plays an indispensable role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and ensuring the efficient recycling of cellular components. Through this p

The IgA test, also known as immunoglobulin A test, is a diagnostic tool used to measure the levels of IgA antibodies in the blood. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a type of antibody that plays a cruc

Cellular Senescence in Cancer Immunotherapy: The Double-Edged Sword In the intricate world of cancer biology, some of our body's most potent defense mechanisms can paradoxically turn against us. Cell

Tumor-Associated Macrophages: Double Agents in the Cancer Battlefield In the intricate theater of the human body, the immune system acts as a vigilant guardian, dispatching cellular soldiers to seek

Almost any inflammatory phenotype in a mouse can be assigned to a cytokine by taking that cytokine away. Neutralisation is the most direct causal test immunology has: inject a functional-grade antibo

B Cell Types, Antigen Recognition & Activation A comprehensive guide to B cells! Introduction B cells, a vital component of the immune system, play

A natural killer cell decides by subtraction. It carries no rearranged antigen receptor and no memory of what it has seen. It presses a panel of germline-encoded receptors against a target and integr

Schwann cells are cells that play a vital role in nerve function. They are responsible for myelinating axons and helping to ensure the transmission of electrical signals between neurons. Schwann c

Why do powerful cancer immunotherapies work wonders for some patients but fail for others? The answer may lie not just in the cancer cells themselves, but in the energy levels of our own immune warrio

Quick answer On the Periaxin (PRX) ELISA, a researcher found every serum sample reading above the top standard — optical density (OD) around 2.8–3.0 at 450 nm, well beyond the highest