2311 results for 'TGF-β'

The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918-1919 was the deadliest in history. It is estimated that up to 100 million people died from the virus, which is more than three times the number who d

Introduction Transformation of bacteria with plasmids is not only of note for bacterial studies but also can be used for gene expression studies in mammalian cells. Most plasmids are of bact

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, irreversible and ultimately fatal disease characterized by prog

What are Stem Cells? Stem cells are primitive, undifferentiated, and unspecialised cells that are found in multicellular organisms

Recombinant Proteins: Cytokines, Growth Factors & More | Assay Genie

Interleukin signaling is involved in a number of biological processes, including cell growth and differentiation, inflammation and immunity. Interleukins are glycoproteins which act on hema

HER2 has no ligand. HER3 has no kinase. Together they are the most potent signalling pair in human biology. That single sentence explains most of what is strange about this receptor family and all of

The most abundant immunosuppressive molecule in a solid tumour is not a protein. It is adenosine — a metabolite, produced from ATP in two enzymatic steps, at concentrations orders of magnitude above

by Ryan Wallis, PhD student, QMUL, Blizard Institute The microscopic world of cell biology was first explored by Robert Hooke in the 17th century and published in his work, Microgra

Understanding the differentiation pathways of neural stem cells (NSCs) and the identification of lineage-specific markers is a cornerstone in the field of neurobiology and regenerative medicine. T

Immunology Guide MHC Class I vs Class II: Key Differences & Functions [Guide] Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules present antigens to T

Immunology · Antigen PresentationDendritic Cells: Markers, Activation and SubtypesDendritic cells are the professional antigen-presenting cells that decide whether an immune response happens at all. T

In the realm of immunology, CXCL chemokines emerge as fascinating conductors. These small proteins, marked by their CXC motif, wield considerable influence over our immune responses and a ra

Ubiquitin is a small, highly conserved protein found in eukaryotic cells that plays a crucial role in regulating various cellular processes. The process of ubiquitination involves the covalent att

The choice of appropriate cell culture supplements emerges as a crucial factor in ensuring the efficacy and consistency of experimental results. Among the various options available, two commonl

An antibody–drug conjugate is not a targeted drug. It is a delivery problem with an antibody bolted to the front of it. Binding is the easy part, and it is almost never the part that fails. What deci

A chemokine gradient does not move a leukocyte anywhere. It only tells one that has already stopped which way to go. That sentence is the whole map. Trafficking is a four-step cascade and the steps a

Toll-Like Receptors The innate immune response has come under the spotlight in recent years due to its central role in propagating the pathogen

Antigen's are foreign molecules recognised by the immune system. Antigens can be protein, carbohydrate, lipid or nucleic acid molecules. Examples include viruses and bacteria as well as fr

The flu is a highly contagious virus that affects the respiratory system. It can cause fever, muscle aches, and coughing. In some cases, it can lead to more serious health complicati

Disease & Pathway Tools | ELISA Kits, Antibodies & Assays by Research Area | Assay Genie

蛋白质印迹样本方案（Western Blot，中文） | Assay Genie

CXCL16 CXCL16, a unique member of the CXC chemokine family, stands at the crossroads of immune modulation and vascular biology. Initially discovered as a chem

Exploring IL-18: A key cytokine in inflammation and disease. Key Takeaways: IL-18, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a pivotal role in immune responses, particularly in inducing Type II

Anticorps pour Western : comment choisir sans se tromper Pour un Western fiable, privilégiez un anticorps validé qui reconnaît spécifiquement l’épitope dénaturé de votre cible, avec un monoclonal si

Testing for COVID-19 Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organisation have emphasised the crucial importance of

Quick Facts About CetuximabWhat is Cetuximab?Cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), widely used in cancer therapy.How does Cetuximab wor

What is the Coronavirus Spike Protein? COVID-19, the newest coronavirus to gain international attention, is caused by severe acute respirator

蛋白质印迹（Western Blot）指南（中文） | Assay Genie

Protein Analysis · ProtocolsWestern Blot Sample Preparation: A Practical GuideMost failed Western blots fail before the gel is loaded. Lysis buffer choice, inhibitor selection, accurate protein quanti

RIPA 缓冲液配方与细胞裂解方案（中文） | Assay Genie<

Quick Facts About NatalizumabWhat is Natalizumab?Natalizumab is a monoclonal antibody used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) and Crohn's disease. It works by blocking immune cells from at

日本語リソースと実験ガイド | Resources - Japanese | Assay Genie

Un isotipo es la clase de inmunoglobulina que define la región constante de su cadena pesada, y el organismo humano produce cinco: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD e IgE. Cada uno tiene una forma distinta, apar

Introduction Cellular senescence is a fascinating phenomenon that plays a crucial role in the aging process and various age-related diseases. It is essential to explore the cellular

Comment choisir une protéine cytokine pour votre étude Pour une mesure fonctionnelle in vitro, privilégiez une cytokine recombinante à activité biologique validée sur la lignée cible. Pour une admini

In most solid tumours the largest immune population is not a T cell. It is a myeloid cell that has been recruited, expanded and re-educated by the tumour itself. Tumour-associated macrophages and mye

Introduction to TLR4 and Cancer Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a key component of the innate immune system, primarily responsible for detecting infections and initiating inflammatory resp

What does the COVID-19 Rapid POC CE-IVD Test detect? The test detects the presence of patient-generated antibodies against spike protein, the virus which causes the disease COVID-19. The tes

Cancer Biology · GeneticsTumour Suppressor Genes: Roles, Examples & CancerTumour suppressor genes are the brakes on cell growth — they restrain proliferation, repair damaged DNA and trigger apoptosis

Exploring sepsis: a critical imbalance in the immune response to infection. Key Takeaways: Sepsis is a severe, immune-driven response to infection causing systemic inflammation and potent

As atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory disease, there are many influential biomarkers that contribute to the disease’s progression as well as biomarkers from atherosclerosis related di

The inflammasome is one of the few innate pathways that destroys the cell it activates. A macrophage that assembles NLRP3 has committed to a decision it cannot reverse: a priming signal through TLR4

Cell Signalling · Receptor BiologyGPCRs (G Protein-Coupled Receptors): A Complete GuideG protein-coupled receptors are the largest family of cell-surface receptors in the human genome and the ta

Introduction Microtubules are key components of the cytoskeleton and are composed of alpha and beta tubulin. These dimerise in a head to tail fashion to form 13 linear protofilaments.

In 2006, upon completion of the Human Genome Project, it was discovered that nearly 8% of the human genome is made up of viral DNA. These viral remnants are composed of ancient germl

BDNF Overview Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a central mediator of neuroplasticity, a term used to describe the ability of neurons

蛋白质印迹词典（Western Blot 常用术语，中文） | Assay Genie

Immunology · HyperinflammationCytokine Storm and Cytokine Release Syndrome: Mechanisms, Triggers and MarkersA cytokine storm is a self-amplifying inflammatory response in which cytokine release drives

Immunology · T LymphocytesCD8+ T Cells: Cytotoxic Mechanisms, Memory and ExhaustionCD8+ T cells kill infected and transformed cells directly, and they do it with a specificity nothing else in the immu

Chemokines are highly conserved cytokines that control the movement of cells around the body. All 45 members of the chemokine family can be divided into 4 subfamilies depending on th

亚细胞分级分离方案（细胞核/线粒体/胞质，中文） | Assay Genie

Cell Signalling · InflammationMAPK Signalling in Inflammatory Cytokine PathwaysMAPK cascades convert receptor engagement into changes in gene expression, and in inflammation they do it in both directi

Haematology · HaemostasisPlatelets: Formation, Structure, Activation and Clinical SignificancePlatelets are anucleate fragments shed from megakaryocytes, and they carry out primary haemostasis — adher

Nod-like receptors Nod like receptors (NLRs) are a versatile family of relatively recently discovered intracellular receptors which have a br

Mononuclear phagocytes, essential in immunity and homeostasis, perform diverse roles from phagocytosis to tissue repair, influencing health and disease. Key Takeaways: Mononuclear p

共免疫沉淀（Co-IP）方案（中文） | Assay Genie

Immunology · Innate LymphocytesNatural Killer Cells: Receptors, Subsets and FunctionNK cells kill without prior sensitisation and without antigen-specific receptors, using a balance of activating and

Immunology · Flow CytometryT Cell Immunophenotyping: Markers, Subsets and Panel DesignImmunophenotyping identifies cell populations by the proteins on their surface. For T cells that means resolving n