Interactive Pathway Diagrams
Immune Signalling Pathway Explorer
Explore the immunology behind our In Vivo functional-grade antibody range. Each map is fully interactive — hover any molecule for detail and click it to jump straight to the matching Assay Genie antibody or ELISA kit. Colour-coded by protein class and built from validated targets, the collection spans checkpoint biology, co-stimulation, cell depletion, the tumour microenvironment, humoral immunity, innate sensing and the core signalling cascades — TCR, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, TGF-β and apoptosis.
PD-1 / PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint
The inhibitory brake: PD-1 engaging PD-L1/PD-L2 recruits SHP-2 to shut down T-cell activation — and how blockade releases it.
T-Cell Co-Stimulation & Agonists
The accelerator: CD28-family and TNF-receptor co-stimulators that amplify T-cell responses, and the agonist antibodies that mimic them.
TIGIT / DNAM-1 / CD155 Axis
The PVR-family balance: activating DNAM-1 versus inhibitory TIGIT, CD96 and PVRIG competing for the same CD155/CD112 ligands.
T-Cell Receptor (TCR) Signalling
The full activation cascade: TCR/CD3 and CD28 through ZAP-70 and LAT into the NFAT, NF-κB, AP-1 and PI3K/AKT arms — with every checkpoint and phosphatase brake.
PI3K / AKT / mTOR in T Cells
How TCR and CD28 input is converted into growth, glycolysis and memory-versus-effector fate through PI3K, AKT and mTORC1/2 — with PTEN and the exhaustion link.
CD4 T-Helper Differentiation
How a naive CD4 T cell commits to Th1, Th2, Th17, iTreg or Tfh — each set by a polarising cytokine, a STAT and a master transcription factor.
Treg Suppression & IL-2 Axis
Regulatory T cells at work: the IL-2 sink, CTLA-4, IL-10/TGF-β, and JAK–STAT5→FOXP3 — plus the antibodies that deplete or disarm them.
CAR-T Cell Signalling
The synthetic receptor end-to-end: scFv → CD3ζ / CD28 / 4-1BB driving Signal 1 & 2, cytotoxicity and cytokines — opposed by PD-1/TIM-3/LAG-3 exhaustion.
B-Cell Activation & Germinal Centre
T-dependent humoral immunity: Tfh help, BCR signalling, class-switch and affinity maturation, and the plasma- and memory-cell fate switch.
NK Cell Activation & Cytotoxicity
The activating-versus-inhibitory balance — NKG2D, CD16 and DNAM-1 against KIR and NKG2A — deciding perforin/granzyme killing and IFN-γ release.
Macrophage Phagocytosis & CD47–SIRPα
Eat-me versus don't-eat-me: calreticulin and FcγR ITAM signalling driving engulfment, against the CD47–SIRPα checkpoint that blocks it.
Neutrophil Activation & NETosis
Priming, chemotaxis and the NOX2 respiratory burst through to degranulation and PAD4-driven extracellular trap release.
NLRP3 Inflammasome & Pyroptosis
The two-signal platform: priming and activation assembling NLRP3–ASC–caspase-1 to mature IL-1β/IL-18 and drive gasdermin-D pyroptosis.
cGAS-STING Cytosolic DNA Sensing
How cytosolic DNA is caught by cGAS → cGAMP → STING to fire type I interferon, NF-κB inflammation, inflammasome cross-talk and the JAK/STAT amplification loop.
Antigen Processing & Presentation
Three routes to a loaded MHC: proteasome–TAP class I loading, the invariant-chain/CLIP class II route, and cDC1 cross-presentation to CD8 T cells.
Leukocyte Adhesion Cascade
Capture, rolling, chemokine-triggered arrest and diapedesis — selectins handing off to integrin inside-out signalling and endothelial ligands.
NF-κB Signalling
Both arms in one map: canonical IKK–IκBα–p65 activation and the non-canonical NIK–p100–RelB route, with the ubiquitin steps and negative feedback.
Cytokine JAK/STAT Signalling
Six receptor complexes end-to-end — JAK1/2/3 and TYK2 driving STAT1–6 to the nucleus — with the SOCS, SHP and PIAS brakes that tune every cytokine.
TGF-β / SMAD Signalling
The master immunosuppression & fibrosis axis: TβRI/II → SMAD2/3/4 driving EMT, fibrosis, cytostasis and FOXP3⁺ Treg induction — the leading TGF-β blockade target.
Apoptosis Pathway
Three routes to the same end: death-receptor, mitochondrial and granzyme signalling converging on caspase-3 — with the BCL-2 family rheostat and IAP brakes.
Cytokine Neutralisation Network
A map of the major cytokine axes — pro-inflammatory, Th2, immunosuppressive and T-cell-growth — and the In Vivo antibodies that block each.
In Vivo Depletion Atlas
How depleting antibodies clear defined immune-cell subsets by ADCC, CDC and ADCP — with a click-through pick-list of targets.
Myeloid / TAM & MDSC Reprogramming
The tumour microenvironment: CSF-1R and GM-CSF driving suppressive TAMs and MDSCs, versus agonist anti-CD40 M1 repolarisation.
Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) & Innate Sensing
Surface and endosomal TLRs routing through MyD88 and TRIF to NF-κB and IRF3 — firing pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon.
Co-Inhibitory Checkpoints & T-Cell Exhaustion
Beyond PD-1: CTLA-4 trans-endocytosis, LAG-3–FGL1, TIM-3’s four ligands, BTLA, VISTA and CD200R converging on SHP-1/SHP-2 — and the TCF1-to-BLIMP1 exhaustion switch.
Allorecognition, Transplant Rejection & GvHD
Direct, indirect and semi-direct recognition of donor MHC driving cellular and antibody-mediated rejection — with C4d deposition, NK missing-self and the tolerance arm.
Interferon Axis — Type I & Type II
IFN-α/β through ISGF3 to the antiviral ISGs, and IFN-γ through STAT1 and IRF1 to MHC, the CXCR3 chemokines, PD-L1 and IDO1.
Fc Receptors & Antibody Effector Function
Activating CD64, CD32 and CD16 through the shared ITAM chain to SYK, the CD32B brake, and the three effector arms — ADCC, ADCP and complement.
The Adenosine Axis — CD39, CD73 & A2A
ATP released as a danger signal, stripped by CD39 and CD73 to adenosine — then A2A and A2B raise cAMP and switch the response off.
Mucosal Homing & Tissue-Resident Memory
Retinoic acid writes a gut address — α4β7 and CCR9 up, CCR7 down — then CD69 traps S1PR1 and the cell never leaves.
Th17 Cells & the IL-23 Axis
IL-6 and TGF-β start the programme, but IL-23 decides whether a Th17 cell stays tolerant or turns pathogenic — through one STAT3.
B-Cell Depletion & the BAFF–APRIL Axis
CD20 is absent on plasma cells, so depletion spares the antibody. What survives is decided by BAFF — and by how the cell was killed.