Interactive Pathway Diagrams
Immune Signalling Pathway Explorer
Explore the immunology behind our In Vivo functional-grade antibody range. Each map is fully interactive — hover any molecule for detail and click it to jump straight to the matching Assay Genie antibody or ELISA kit. Colour-coded by protein class and built from validated targets, the collection spans checkpoint biology, co-stimulation, cell depletion, the tumour microenvironment, humoral immunity, innate sensing and the core signalling cascades — TCR, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, TGF-β and apoptosis.
Showing all 60 pathways
PD-1 / PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint
The inhibitory brake: PD-1 engaging PD-L1/PD-L2 recruits SHP-2 to shut down T-cell activation — and how blockade releases it.
T-Cell Co-Stimulation & Agonists
The accelerator: CD28-family and TNF-receptor co-stimulators that amplify T-cell responses, and the agonist antibodies that mimic them.
TIGIT / DNAM-1 / CD155 Axis
The PVR-family balance: activating DNAM-1 versus inhibitory TIGIT, CD96 and PVRIG competing for the same CD155/CD112 ligands.
T-Cell Receptor (TCR) Signalling
The full activation cascade: TCR/CD3 and CD28 through ZAP-70 and LAT into the NFAT, NF-κB, AP-1 and PI3K/AKT arms — with every checkpoint and phosphatase brake.
PI3K / AKT / mTOR in T Cells
How TCR and CD28 input is converted into growth, glycolysis and memory-versus-effector fate through PI3K, AKT and mTORC1/2 — with PTEN and the exhaustion link.
CD4 T-Helper Differentiation
How a naive CD4 T cell commits to Th1, Th2, Th17, iTreg or Tfh — each set by a polarising cytokine, a STAT and a master transcription factor.
Treg Suppression & IL-2 Axis
Regulatory T cells at work: the IL-2 sink, CTLA-4, IL-10/TGF-β, and JAK–STAT5→FOXP3 — plus the antibodies that deplete or disarm them.
CAR-T Cell Signalling
The synthetic receptor end-to-end: scFv → CD3ζ / CD28 / 4-1BB driving Signal 1 & 2, cytotoxicity and cytokines — opposed by PD-1/TIM-3/LAG-3 exhaustion.
B-Cell Activation & Germinal Centre
T-dependent humoral immunity: Tfh help, BCR signalling, class-switch and affinity maturation, and the plasma- and memory-cell fate switch.
NK Cell Activation & Cytotoxicity
The activating-versus-inhibitory balance — NKG2D, CD16 and DNAM-1 against KIR and NKG2A — deciding perforin/granzyme killing and IFN-γ release.
Macrophage Phagocytosis & CD47–SIRPα
Eat-me versus don't-eat-me: calreticulin and FcγR ITAM signalling driving engulfment, against the CD47–SIRPα checkpoint that blocks it.
Neutrophil Activation & NETosis
Priming, chemotaxis and the NOX2 respiratory burst through to degranulation and PAD4-driven extracellular trap release.
NLRP3 Inflammasome & Pyroptosis
The two-signal platform: priming and activation assembling NLRP3–ASC–caspase-1 to mature IL-1β/IL-18 and drive gasdermin-D pyroptosis.
cGAS-STING Cytosolic DNA Sensing
How cytosolic DNA is caught by cGAS → cGAMP → STING to fire type I interferon, NF-κB inflammation, inflammasome cross-talk and the JAK/STAT amplification loop.
Antigen Processing & Presentation
Three routes to a loaded MHC: proteasome–TAP class I loading, the invariant-chain/CLIP class II route, and cDC1 cross-presentation to CD8 T cells.
Leukocyte Adhesion Cascade
Capture, rolling, chemokine-triggered arrest and diapedesis — selectins handing off to integrin inside-out signalling and endothelial ligands.
NF-κB Signalling
Both arms in one map: canonical IKK–IκBα–p65 activation and the non-canonical NIK–p100–RelB route, with the ubiquitin steps and negative feedback.
Cytokine JAK/STAT Signalling
Six receptor complexes end-to-end — JAK1/2/3 and TYK2 driving STAT1–6 to the nucleus — with the SOCS, SHP and PIAS brakes that tune every cytokine.
TGF-β / SMAD Signalling
The master immunosuppression & fibrosis axis: TβRI/II → SMAD2/3/4 driving EMT, fibrosis, cytostasis and FOXP3⁺ Treg induction — the leading TGF-β blockade target.
Apoptosis Pathway
Three routes to the same end: death-receptor, mitochondrial and granzyme signalling converging on caspase-3 — with the BCL-2 family rheostat and IAP brakes.
Cytokine Neutralisation Network
A map of the major cytokine axes — pro-inflammatory, Th2, immunosuppressive and T-cell-growth — and the In Vivo antibodies that block each.
In Vivo Depletion Atlas
How depleting antibodies clear defined immune-cell subsets by ADCC, CDC and ADCP — with a click-through pick-list of targets.
Myeloid / TAM & MDSC Reprogramming
The tumour microenvironment: CSF-1R and GM-CSF driving suppressive TAMs and MDSCs, versus agonist anti-CD40 M1 repolarisation.
Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) & Innate Sensing
Surface and endosomal TLRs routing through MyD88 and TRIF to NF-κB and IRF3 — firing pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon.
Co-Inhibitory Checkpoints & T-Cell Exhaustion
Exhaustion is a differentiation state with a transcription factor of its own — not simply a tired effector cell.
Allorecognition, Transplant Rejection & GvHD
Three separate routes to the same graft — direct, indirect and semi-direct, each needing different reagents.
The Interferon Axis: Type I & Type II
The same interferon signature can mean opposite things — the split happens at the STAT complex, not the receptor.
Fc Receptors & Antibody Effector Function
The highest-affinity Fc receptor is not the one that kills — and dose escalation cannot out-compete the brake.
The Adenosine Axis: CD39, CD73 & A2A
Two ectoenzymes turn a danger signal into an immunosuppressant — the tumour switches immunity off with its own ATP.
Mucosal Homing & Tissue-Resident Memory
Residency is an active programme — CD69 and CD103 keep the cell in place rather than marking that it arrived.
Th17 Cells & the IL-23 Axis
Blocking IL-17 sometimes backfires — the pathogenic programme is set upstream by IL-23, not by the cytokine it is named for.
B-Cell Depletion & the BAFF–APRIL Axis
Anti-CD20 spares the antibody — the plasma cell that makes it has already dropped the target.
Mast Cells, IgE & Type 2 Immunity
The cell is armed in advance — IgE loads the receptor long before the antigen that fires it arrives.
The Complement Cascade & Its Regulators
The brake matters more than the trigger — complement ticks over constantly and is defined by what restrains it.
Unconventional T Cells: γδ, iNKT & MAIT
Already armed, and no MHC required — three lineages that read lipids and metabolites instead of peptides.
T-Cell Engagers: CD3 × Tumour Antigen
Signal 1 without signal 2 — a synapse forced into existence, and the cytokine release that follows from it.
Tumour Angiogenesis & the VEGF Axis
Anti-angiogenics do not starve tumours — they normalise the vessels and open them to immune cells.
Eosinophils, IL-5 & Type 2 Immunity
Two asthma drugs, opposite eosinophil counts, both working — depletion and blockade are not the same endpoint.
TNF Receptor Superfamily: TNFR1 vs TNFR2
One ligand, two receptors, opposite jobs — and only one of the two carries a death domain.
Chemokine Receptors & Leukocyte Trafficking
One integrin chain, two partners, brain or gut — the destination is set by the pairing, not the chain.
Microglia & Neuroinflammation
Delete every microglial cell, then ask what changed — the only clean way to separate what they actually do.
Cytokine Release Syndrome & the IL-6 Axis
After tocilizumab, IL-6 goes up — that is the drug working, not failing.
Thymic T-Cell Development & Central Tolerance
In the thymus, co-stimulation kills — the signal that activates a mature T cell deletes an immature one.
Innate Lymphoid Cells: ILC1, ILC2 & ILC3
Your Th2 phenotype might not be a T cell — ILCs make the same cytokines with no antigen receptor at all.
Antibody–Drug Conjugates: Internalisation & Bystander Effect
Binding is the easy part — trafficking, release and whether the payload reaches the next cell decide the rest.
Agonist Antibodies: Why CD40, OX40 & 4-1BB Need FcγR Crosslinking
Your agonist antibody is not an agonist — without FcγR crosslinking it binds the target and does nothing.
The EGFR/HER Family: Dimerisation & Resistance
No ligand, no kinase, no problem — HER2 and HER3 each lack half the machinery and signal regardless.
Osteoimmunology: The RANKL–OPG Axis & Bone Erosion
No cytokine on this pathway touches bone — every one of them acts through RANKL and its decoy.
Regulatory T Cells & the IL-2 Paradox
One cytokine, two opposite clinical effects — dose decides whether IL-2 expands Tregs or effectors.
Myeloid Checkpoints: CD47–SIRPα, LILRB & Siglec-10
Don’t-eat-me is not a switch — three separate inhibitory systems have to be counted together.
NK Cell Licensing and Missing-Self
An NK cell reads what has gone and what has appeared — and licensing runs the opposite way to intuition.
AID, Hypermutation and B-Cell Lymphoma
AID mutates the immunoglobulin locus on purpose — and BCL6 switches off the checkpoint that would stop it.
Citrullination, NETs and Rheumatoid Arthritis
PAD4 makes the weapon and the autoantigen in one step — a closed loop needing no external input once started.
The Interferonopathies and the Self-DNA Problem
The sensor works perfectly. What failed is the housekeeping that was meant to leave it nothing to find.
Inflammasomes: NLRP3, Caspase-1 and IL-1
NLRP3 reads cellular distress, not a molecule — and one pore is both the exit and the execution.
The Intestinal Barrier: Junctions, Mucus and Permeability
Permeability is a set of separable routes, not one seal — and claudin-2 is a pore the cell opens on purpose.
Senescence, the SASP and Immunosurveillance
They accumulate because they resist apoptosis, not because they arrest — and one marker is never enough.
Ferroptosis and Immunogenic Cell Death
One enzyme, one backup, one prerequisite — and ACSL4 predicts susceptibility better than anything else.
Platelets and Immunothrombosis
The platelet arrives with the chemokines and the tether already made — a clot is an immune structure.
Autophagy, Mitophagy and Immunity
LC3-II alone cannot tell induction from a blocked lysosome — flux is the measurement, not the marker.