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Immunotherapy has become a central pillar in the fight against cancer, with a focus on enhancing the body’s natural defenses. Among the molecules at the forefront of immunotherapeutic res

By Sonika Singh PhD candidate, University of Nottingham A Devastating Disease Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and inflammatory disease based on

Complement is firing on your own cells right now. Not in response to anything — C3 hydrolyses spontaneously in plasma at a low, constant rate, and every hydrolysed molecule is a potential convertase

By Eoin Mac Réamoinn Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are renowned for their fundamental roles in innate sensing and initiating inflammatory responses. TLRs acco

Flow cytometry is a powerful analytical technology employed in cell biology, immunology, and oncology research. It enables the rapid measurement of physical and chemical characteristics of cells o

Toll-like receptors are the reason a milligram of endotoxin can kill a mouse. They are the fastest, least discriminating layer of immunity: germline-encoded sensors that read conserved microbial chem

Quick answer A researcher measuring dopamine in mouse brain tissue got no detectable signal and, with many samples to run, asked whether the full standard curve could be skipped to sav

A T-cell engager does not give the T cell an instruction. It gives it an address. A bispecific antibody with one arm on CD3 and the other on a tumour antigen forces two membranes into contact and let

In the periphery, co-stimulation rescues a T cell. In the thymus, the same molecules kill it. A peripheral T cell that engages its receptor without CD80 and CD86 becomes anergic; engage them and it r

Not one immune cytokine on this pathway touches bone. TNF, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17A all act on osteoblasts, osteocytes and synovial fibroblasts, and it is those stromal cells that decide between RANKL

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Protein Analysis · ProtocolsWestern Blot Sample Preparation: A Practical GuideMost failed Western blots fail before the gel is loaded. Lysis buffer choice, inhibitor selection, accurate protein quanti

You can remove almost every B cell from an animal and barely move its antibody titre. That is not a failed experiment — it is the expected result, and it follows from one fact: CD20 is switched off a

The most abundant immunosuppressive molecule in a solid tumour is not a protein. It is adenosine — a metabolite, produced from ATP in two enzymatic steps, at concentrations orders of magnitude above