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Mouse Injection Guide: Intraperitoneal, Subcutaneous, Intramuscular & Intravenous Routes(Post)
In Vivo Methods · ProtocolsMouse Injection Guide: Intraperitoneal, Subcutaneous, Intramuscular & Intravenous RoutesRoute choice and injection technique determine how much of a dose actually reaches it
4-1BB: Energizing Immune Cells to Overcome Tumor Resistance(Post)Immunotherapy has become a central pillar in the fight against cancer, with a focus on enhancing the body’s natural defenses. Among the molecules at the forefront of immunotherapeutic res
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor: An Overview (Post)Leukemia Inhibitory Factor and JAK-STAT Signalling Pathway Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a cytokine that belongs to the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines. Other members of
Fenofibrate Usage for Diabetes Damage(Post)Fenofibrate, also known as FEN, is a drug that is used to lower cholesterol levels. It works by blocking the absorption of dietary cholesterol in the small intestine and therefore, red
NK Cells: Unlocking the Potential of Natural Killer Cells in Cancer Therapy(Post)Natural killer (NK) cells are a crucial component of the innate immune system and play a significant role in eliminating tumor cells. Unlike T cells, NK cells can recognize and kill cance
SOCS proteins: Manipulating the immune response(Post)Katherine Edwards, PhD Student, Queen’s University Belfast Cytokines play a vital role in immune responses enabling cross-talk between different cell types a
Vixarelimab: A Novel Approach to Targeting Prurigo Nodularis and Fibrosis(Post)Quick Facts About VixarelimabWhat is Vixarelimab?Vixarelimab is an investigational monoclonal antibody developed to target oncostatin M receptor beta (OSMRβ), a key pathway involved in p
Citrullination, NETs and Rheumatoid Arthritis(Page) OX40 Agonists: Revitalizing the Immune Response in Cancer(Post)Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized treatment options, offering strategies to harness the immune system to target and destroy tumors. One emerging area of interest is the use of OX40
Co-Inhibitory Checkpoints Beyond PD-1: CTLA-4, LAG-3 and TIM-3(Post)PD-1 gets the attention, but it is one brake among many — and the others do not work the same way. The co-inhibitory receptors are routinely drawn as interchangeable stop signs on a T cell. They are
Natural Killer Cells: A Guide(Post)Immunology · Innate LymphocytesNatural Killer Cells: Receptors, Subsets and FunctionNK cells kill without prior sensitisation and without antigen-specific receptors, using a balance of activating and
T-Cell Receptor Signalling: The Complete Pathway, Branch by Branch(Post)The T-cell receptor is the most finely calibrated detector in immunology. It must discriminate an agonist peptide present at a few dozen copies from a self peptide present at tens of thousands, and i
Gut Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases (Post)What is Gut Inflammation? The gut, or gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a long tube that starts from the mouth and extends to the anus. It includes various organs such
In Vivo Functional Grade Antibodies(Page) Toll-like Receptor Signalling in Neurodegenerative Disease(Post)Toll-Like Receptors The innate immune response has come under the spotlight in recent years due to its central role in propagating the pathogen
Wnt Signalling Pathway in Immunity(Post)What is Wnt Signalling? The Wnt signalling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that plays critical roles in the regulation of determining cell fate, polari
The Double-Edged Sword: How Neutrophil Traps Can Both Help and Hinder Cancer's Spread(Post)The Double-Edged Sword: How Neutrophil Traps Can Both Help and Hinder Cancer's Spread In the intricate battlefield of the human body, the immune system’s foot soldiers, neutrophils, have long been re
B-Cell Depletion: Why Anti-CD20 Spares the Antibody(Post)You can remove almost every B cell from an animal and barely move its antibody titre. That is not a failed experiment — it is the expected result, and it follows from one fact: CD20 is switched off a
How Furin and ACE2 Interact with the Spike on SARS-CoV-2(Post)What is the Coronavirus Spike Protein? COVID-19, the newest coronavirus to gain international attention, is caused by severe acute respirator
Heterogeneity of Type 1 diabetes in children(Post)Ahmad Gazali PhD candidate, University of Eastern Finland Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease where the pancreatic β cells that produce insulin, a key hormone involved in t