9862 results for 'TGF-beta'

Inflammasomes are complex intracellular structures that play a pivotal role in the immune response by detecting pathogenic microorganisms and sterile stressors. Their activation is a critical step

Quick Facts About ErenumabWhat is Erenumab?Erenumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody designed to prevent migraines by targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor. ​

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Quick Facts About ApamistamabWhat is Apamistamab?Apamistamab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the CD45 antigen on hematopoietic cells.How does Apamistamab work?When labeled with the

What is Gram-Negative bacteria? Gram-negative bacteria are a diverse group of microorganisms characterized by their unique cell wall structure. They stain pink or red when subjecte

What is Neuroimmunology? Neuroimmunology is a multidisciplinary scientific field dedicated to investigating the intricate and bidirectional interactions between the c

Understanding the Role of APOE in Neurodegenerative DiseasesRecent findings reveal that a specific gene variant, APOE, significantly increases the risk of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, highlig

In the intricate tapestry of the immune system, macrophages play a pivotal role, orchestrating a wide range of biological responses that protect the body against pathogens, remove cellular debris,

Immunology · CytokinesIFN-gamma: Signalling, Function and Roles in Inflammation, Cancer and AutoimmunityInterferon gamma is the sole type II interferon and one of the most consequential cytokines in i

Quick Facts About VixarelimabWhat is Vixarelimab?Vixarelimab is an investigational monoclonal antibody developed to target oncostatin M receptor beta (OSMRβ), a key pathway involved in p

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a critical hormone in the regulation of glucose metabolism and has garnered significant attention due to its therapeutic potential in managing diabetes

The Role of CTLA-4 in Breast Cancer: Implications for ImmunotherapyBreast cancer (BC) remains one of the most prevalent malignancies affecting women worldwide, with significant morbidity and mortality

CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, plays a pivotal role in regulating immune responses, particularly in activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) an

Quick Facts About CetuximabWhat is Cetuximab?Cetuximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), widely used in cancer therapy.How does Cetuximab wo

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CD155 is read by four different receptors, and only one of them turns the killing programme on. The nectin and nectin-like ligands induced on stressed and transformed cells are simultaneously an acti

The immune system plays a critical role in defending the body against pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Within the intricate network of immune cells, CD11b, also known as integ

Understanding the differentiation pathways of neural stem cells (NSCs) and the identification of lineage-specific markers is a cornerstone in the field of neurobiology and regenerative medicine. T

Introduction to CD122 in Immunotherapy CD122, also known as the interleukin-2 receptor beta chain (IL-2Rβ), is a critical component of the immune system's response to pathogens and malign

Exploring IL-18: A key cytokine in inflammation and disease. Key Takeaways: IL-18, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a pivotal role in immune responses, particularly in inducing Type II

This article breaks down the glycoprotein Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) detailing its structure, function and therapeutic uses. It also describes its role in imm

Introduction to TREM2 and Tumor-Associated Macrophages in CancerTREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) is an immunoregulatory receptor primarily expressed on macrophages

Mononuclear phagocytes, essential in immunity and homeostasis, perform diverse roles from phagocytosis to tissue repair, influencing health and disease. Key Takeaways: Mononuclear p

Immunology · Innate LymphocytesNatural Killer Cells: Receptors, Subsets and FunctionNK cells kill without prior sensitisation and without antigen-specific receptors, using a balance of activating and

Cell Biology · PathologyNecrosis: Types, Causes, Mechanisms and How It Is MeasuredNecrosis is cell death accompanied by membrane rupture and release of intracellular contents — which is what makes it

Neuroscience · NeuroimmunologyMicroglial Functions: Immunity, Inflammation & NeurodegenerationMicroglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system — dynamic sentinels that survey the

The tau protein is a hot topic in the scientific world right now. This little-known protein has been linked to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative disea

In Vivo Methods · ProtocolsMouse Injection Guide: Intraperitoneal, Subcutaneous, Intramuscular & Intravenous RoutesRoute choice and injection technique determine how much of a dose actually reaches it

Immunology · Innate ImmunityInnate Immunity: Components, Functions & First Line of DefenceThe innate immune system is the body’s first line of defence — a fast, non-specific response built from physic

Fibroblasts, essential components of connective tissues, play vital roles in maintaining tissue structure and function. Their remarkable ability to produce and organize the extracellular matrix

What is VEGF? Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs) are a group of homodimeric polypeptides, and are master regulators of vascular development, maintenance and a

Immunology · Cytokine SignallingTNF-alpha and Inflammation: Structure, Signalling & TherapyTumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is one of the most important pro-inflammatory cytokines in the body. Sig

Quick Facts About VolagidemabWhat is Volagidemab?Volagidemab is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor antagonist designed to regulate glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis.How D

The inception of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has heralded a new dawn in the realm of biomedical research and regenerative medicine, setting the stage for groundbreaking advancements in

Quick Facts About PlonmarlimabWhat is Plonmarlimab?Plonmarlimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting GM-CSF, a cytokine involved in inflammation and immune responses.How does Plonmarlimab

Gastroenterology · Barrier BiologyZonulin and Intestinal PermeabilityZonulin is the best-characterised endogenous regulator of intestinal tight junctions — the protein that opens the gut barrier on de

Nod-like receptors Nod like receptors (NLRs) are a versatile family of relatively recently discovered intracellular receptors which have a br

Quick Facts About EldelumabWhat is Eldelumab?Eldelumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting TNFSF14 (LIGHT), a key regulator in immune system signaling, with potential applications in infl

Microbiology · AntibioticsPenicillin vs Streptomycin: The Battle of AntibioticsPenicillin and streptomycin are two of the most important antibiotics ever discovered — and they work in completely diffe

Biomarkers · InflammationC-Reactive Protein (CRP): Structure, Function and Clinical UseCRP is the most widely measured marker of inflammation in medicine — fast to rise, fast to fall, and entirely non

Quick answer On the Fatty Acid Oxidation (FAO) Assay Kit (BR00001), a researcher found that a subset of skeletal-muscle samples returned negative values once the control well was subtr

Oligodendrocytes are pivotal CNS cells, integral for myelin formation and nerve function, with implications in various neurological disorders. Key Takeaways Oligodendrocytes are specia

CD25, a key molecule in immune regulation, is integral to the function of activated lymphocytes and regulatory T cells. It's central in mediating immune responses, with implications in autoimmune

Imagine a world where we can fold the very fabric of life into microscopic machines, guiding the growth of a single neuron with the precision of a master architect. This isn't science fiction; it is

Techniques · Molecular CloningGuide to Bacterial Transformation: The Science of Genetic ManipulationBacterial transformation is the process by which bacteria take up foreign DNA — usually a plasmid —

Cell Signalling · Receptor BiologyGPCRs (G Protein-Coupled Receptors): A Complete GuideG protein-coupled receptors are the largest family of cell-surface receptors in the human genome and the ta

Key Takeaways: Microglia are immune cells in the CNS, originating from myeloid precursor cells. They surveil the CNS, respond to changes, and maintain neural health. Microglia exist in diff

Neuroscience · Myelin BiologyA Quick Guide to MyelinMyelin is the lipid-rich insulating sheath wrapped around nerve axons. Made by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in t

Metabolism · Biochemistry Guide Cellular Respiration: Stages, ATP Production & Pathway Guide How cells convert glucose and oxygen into ATP acr

Cell Signalling · EnzymologyProtein Kinases: Function, Classification, Structure and InhibitorsProtein kinases transfer a phosphate group from ATP onto specific residues of target proteins, switching

Gene Delivery · Viral VectorsLentiviral Vectors: Design, Production and Use in Gene DeliveryLentiviral vectors integrate their cargo into the host genome and transduce dividing and non-dividing cells

Immunology · Cell BiologyCells of the Innate Immune System: Types, Functions and MarkersThe innate immune system responds within minutes, without prior exposure, using cells that recognise conserved m