10240 results for 'TNF-beta'

Schwann cells are cells that play a vital role in nerve function. They are responsible for myelinating axons and helping to ensure the transmission of electrical signals between neurons. Schwann ...

Antigen's are foreign molecules recognised by the immune system. Antigens can be protein, carbohydrate, lipid or nucleic acid molecules. Examples include viruses and bacteria as well as f ...

Microglia Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Glial ...

Key Points Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAF ...

Quick Facts About ErenumabWhat is Erenumab?Erenumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody designed to prevent migraines by targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor.

Growth factors play a vital role in the complex web of biological processes, serving as key regulators in various essential events. They exert significant influence over cruc ...

In the realm of immunology, CXCL chemokines emerge as fascinating conductors. These small proteins, marked by their CXC motif, wield considerable influence over our immune responses and a r ...

CAR T-cell therapy CAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) T-cell Therapy is a type of cancer treatment. CAR T-cells are made in the laboratory and they have an artificially created receptor on th ...

What is Parkinson’s disease? Parkinson's disease can be seen as a neurodegenerative disease because it is associated with the loss of nerve ce ...

Background I am a 3rd year PhD student in Trinity College Dublin and my project is very much an interdisciplinary one. I’m very lucky to get to work between two great labs, Dr. Aisling Dun ...

Throughout my graduate and postgraduate studies I have been really intrigued and fascinated by the mitochondria, the organelle that keeps all of us running everyday! The more I learn about ...

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What is CD31? CD31, also known as PECAM-1, was originally described as a cell surface antigen present on platelets and megakaryocytes. CD31 is ...

PCR Detection of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Contents Background Assay Information Sample Types   & ...

Shelly Pathak PhD candidate, University of Leeds SAIDs Systemic Auto-inflammatory diseases (SAIDs) have been defined as a group of mainly inherited disorde ...

Thanks to the great intuitions of brilliant scientists like Louis Pasteur, Edward Jenner, Robert Koch, Emil von Behring, Gaston Leon Ramon, Albert Sabin, Jonas Salk in the past century, the ...

Flow cytometry stands as a pivotal technique in the realms of molecular biology and immunology, enabling the analysis of physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles as they flow i ...

RIPA (Radio Immuno Precipitation Assay) buffer is mostly used when carrying out a western blot or immunoprecipatation assay. A RIPA buffer is used in order to lyse cells and extract protein fr ...

SARS-CoV-2 Background COVID-19 is characterised by a series of biological markers. In some instances, these biomarkers can be used as potent ...

The p38 MAPK signaling pathway is an intracellular signaling pathway that plays a crucial role in cellular responses to various stressors and inflammatory stimuli. It is a part of the larger MAPK ...

Quick Facts About ApamistamabWhat is Apamistamab?Apamistamab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the CD45 antigen on hematopoietic cells.How does Apamistamab work?When labeled with th ...

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes within the human body. It has gained significant attention in the field o ...

Tocilizumab (Actemra®) in COVID-19 Treatment What is Tocilizumab? Tocilizumab, also called atlizumab, is an immunosuppres ...

What is Gram-Negative bacteria? Gram-negative bacteria are a diverse group of microorganisms characterized by their unique cell wall structure. They stain pink or red when subject ...

What are MHC Class I molecules? The MHC class I is a glycoprotein that is expressed on all nucleated cells of the human body. MHC class I are important in disease defense against viruses, b ...

Understanding the Role of APOE in Neurodegenerative DiseasesRecent findings reveal that a specific gene variant, APOE, significantly increases the risk of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, highli ...

Quick Facts About VixarelimabWhat is Vixarelimab?Vixarelimab is an investigational monoclonal antibody developed to target oncostatin M receptor beta (OSMRβ), a key pathway involved in ...

Key Facts About EtigilimabWhat is Etigilimab?Etigilimab is an anti-TIGIT monoclonal antibody being studied for its potential role in cancer immunotherapy.What role does Etigilimab play ...

Nanosilver is the most commercialised nanoparticle routinely used for its antibacterial purposes in food preservation, cosmetic and health products such as medical devices and wound treatme ...

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a critical hormone in the regulation of glucose metabolism and has garnered significant attention due to its therapeutic potential in managing diabetes ...

Dr. Melissa Conroy, TTMI I am an immunologist and senior research fellow in the Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery at Trinit ...

At Assay Genie we have created a comprehensive guide outlining everything you need to know about apoptosis! Key Takeaways: Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process, vital for tissu ...

The immune system plays a critical role in defending the body against pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Within the intricate network of immune cells, CD11b, also known as inte ...

Understanding the differentiation pathways of neural stem cells (NSCs) and the identification of lineage-specific markers is a cornerstone in the field of neurobiology and regenerative medicine.

What You Need to Know About IscalimabWhat is Iscalimab?Iscalimab (CFZ533) is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD40, a key protein involved in immune system regulation.What is the mechani ...

Immune evasion is one of the hallmarks of cancer, where tumor cells employ various strategies to suppress immune responses and prevent destruction by the body’s defense systems. CD200, a ...

In the intricate tapestry of the immune system, macrophages play a pivotal role, orchestrating a wide range of biological responses that protect the body against pathogens, remove cellular debris ...

V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is an emerging immune checkpoint receptor that plays a key role in suppressing T cell activity within the tumor microenvironment (TME) ...

Written by Seán Mac Fhearraigh, PhD  •  Updated: 19 May 2026  •  ~9 min read Quick Answer ELISA and Western Blot are both antibody-based protein detection methods. ELISA is f ...

Introduction to CD122 in Immunotherapy CD122, also known as the interleukin-2 receptor beta chain (IL-2Rβ), is a critical component of the immune system's response to pathogens and ...

Explore the essential role of Tau proteins in neuronal health and their impact in neurodegenerative diseases, unfolding the complexity behind their functions and dysfunctions. Key Takeaways: ...

Quick Facts About UlviprubartWhat is Ulviprubart?Ulviprubart is an experimental complement inhibitor designed to modulate immune responses in autoimmune diseases.What is the mechan ...

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, irreversible and ultimately fatal disease characterized by pro ...

What You Need to Know About VarlilumabWhat is Varlilumab?Varlilumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD27, a receptor on T-cells that plays a critical role in immune modulation.What i ...

CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), are a critical component of the immune system. They play a vital role in defending the body against viral infections, intracel ...

Interleukin 12 in COVID-19 Prophylactics Interleukin 12 is a cytokine with wide-reaching effects in the innate and adaptive immune system. O ...

Quick Facts About NatalizumabWhat is Natalizumab?Natalizumab is a monoclonal antibody used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) and Crohn's disease. It works by blocking immune cells from a ...

The innate immune system, a primary line of defense against pathogens, comprises various cellular and molecular mechanisms. Among these, the Nod-like Receptor (NLR) signaling pathways play a crit ...

Quick Facts About LitifilimabWhat is Litifilimab?Litifilimab is a monoclonal antibody developed by Biogen targeting BDCA2, a receptor on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), to regulate ...

Quick Facts About BegelomabWhat is Begelomab?Begelomab is a monoclonal antibody that targets CD26, a key molecule involved in immune regulation. It has been studied for its potential ap ...

Quick Facts About AvdoralimabWhat is Avdoralimab?Avdoralimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting C5aR1, playing a crucial role in modulating immune response and inflammation.What is the ...

Harnessing the immune system to fight cancer has become a pivotal strategy in modern oncology. A key component in this fight is CD27, a receptor that plays a crucial role in T-cell activ ...

Exploring sepsis: a critical imbalance in the immune response to infection. Key Takeaways: Sepsis is a severe, immune-driven response to infection causing systemic inflammation and poten ...

IntroductionCancer cells have developed sophisticated mechanisms to evade the immune system, particularly through the inhibition of T-cell responses. One such mechanism involves the prog ...

Immunotherapy has become a central pillar in the fight against cancer, with a focus on enhancing the body’s natural defenses. Among the molecules at the forefront of immunotherapeutic re ...

By Dr. Niclas Thomas “Data science” is a recent addition to the vocabulary of analytics, and can mean many different things to different people. As f ...

In 2006, upon completion of the Human Genome Project, it was discovered that nearly 8% of the human genome is made up of viral DNA. These viral remnants are composed of ancient germ ...

Quick Facts About GuselkumabWhat is Guselkumab?Guselkumab is a biologic therapy that selectively targets the p19 subunit of interleukin-23 (IL-23), playing a critical role in inflammato ...

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Th17 cells, a subset of T helper cells characterized by their production of interleukin-17 (IL-17), play a significant role in the immune system's response to pathogens and in the pathology of a ...

The tau protein is a hot topic in the scientific world right now. This little-known protein has been linked to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative dise ...

In the intricate ballet of cellular communication and regulation, growth factors play pivotal roles in guiding the processes of cell growth, division, and differentiation. These proteins are esse ...

Introduction to TREM2 and Tumor-Associated Macrophages in CancerTREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) is an immunoregulatory receptor primarily expressed on macrophage ...

Introduction Cellular senescence is a fascinating phenomenon that plays a crucial role in the aging process and various age-related diseases. It is essential to explore the cellular ...

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor and JAK-STAT Signalling Pathway Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a cytokine that belongs to the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines. Other members of ...

Discover the distinct roles of 'In Vivo' and 'In Vitro' in biological research, where one offers a natural context and the other precise control, both vital for scientific advancement.

Delve into the role of Cleaved Caspase-3 in programmed cell death and its implications in disease pathologies, unraveling its regulatory mechanisms and potential as a therapeutic target.

Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) is an immune checkpoint molecule that plays a crucial role in regulating T cell activation and survival. In recent years, GIT ...

Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3) is an immune checkpoint receptor that plays a critical role in regulating T cell function. In recent years, LAG-3 has emerged as a potential target f ...

By Ciara Coleman PhD General Introduction Coeliac Disease (CD) is defined as a common, chronic inflammatory di ...

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In Vitro vs In Vivo: Complete Comparison + Selection Guide | Research MethodsDiscover the distinct roles of 'In Vivo' and 'In Vitro' in biological research, where one offers a natural co ...

Introduction to FoxP3 and Regulatory T Cells in CancerFoxP3 (forkhead box P3) is a transcription factor critical for the development and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), a special ...

By Sonika Singh PhD candidate, University of Nottingham A Devastating Disease Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and inflammatory disease ba ...

What is preeclampsia? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one in ten pregnant women is affected by hypertensive disorders, and preeclampsia ...

Understanding PIIINP Levels in Canine Liver FibrosisLiver fibrosis is a significant health concern in dogs, often leading to severe complications if not diagnosed and managed appropriately. This arti ...

Fibroblasts, essential components of connective tissues, play vital roles in maintaining tissue structure and function. Their remarkable ability to produce and organize the extracellular matrix ...

BDNF Overview Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a central mediator of neuroplasticity, a term used to describe the ability of neuron ...

Immune Regulation in COVID-19: Immunomodulatory Mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2 Infection What is COVID-19? ...

Quick Facts About AbituzumabWhat is Abituzumab?Abituzumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets αv-integrins, playing a role in cancer treatment and fibrotic diseases.What is the mechan ...

Introduction to SLAMF7 in Cancer Immunotherapy SLAMF7, also known as Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule F7, is a surface receptor found on natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, ...

Monocytes, as part of the innate immune system, act as the first line of defense against foreign invaders. One of their primary functions is phagocytosis, a crucial process in which they engul ...

Quick Facts About VolagidemabWhat is Volagidemab?Volagidemab is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor antagonist designed to regulate glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis.How ...

Preeclampsia is a serious condition that can develop during pregnancy. It is marked by high blood pressure and the presence of protein in the urine and can cause serious problems for ...

Hydroxychloroquine: Potential Treatment for COVID-19 What is Hydroxychloroquine? Hydroxychloroquine (HC ...

Testing for COVID-19 Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organisation have emphasised the crucial impor ...

The inception of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has heralded a new dawn in the realm of biomedical research and regenerative medicine, setting the stage for groundbreaking advancements in ...

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By Charlotte O’Donnell PhD Inflammation and Cancer The link between inflammation and cancer is well established, with inf ...

Introduction to PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in Cancer ImmunotherapyThe PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway has been instrumental in cancer immunotherapy, with PD-1 (programmed death-1) inhib ...

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SuperSet DIY Development ELISA Kits | Coat Your Own Plates | Assay Genie .page-heading, .page-title, .breadcrumbs, .breadcrumb-list, nav.breadcrumbs { display: none !important; } .page-si ...

What is RIPA Buffer? RIPA (Radio Immuno Precipitation Assay) buffer is primarily used when conducting a western blot or immunoprecipatation assay. A RIPA buffer is used in order to l ...

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