10263 results for 'plasma membrane'

Introduction Discover the multifaceted role of CD33, a critical player in immune function and disease, shaping our approach to treating cancers and neurodegenerative conditions

Seroconversion Implications in SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostic Testing Key Points: COVID-19, the pandemic

What You Need to Know About MilatuzumabWhat is Milatuzumab?Milatuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD74, a molecule involved in antigen presentation and cell signaling.W

Immunology · Cell BiologyCells of the Innate Immune System: Types, Functions and MarkersThe innate immune system responds within minutes, without prior exposure, using cells that recognise conserved m

Imagine a battlefield where the enemy doesn't just hide from soldiers—it actively sabotages their weapons. In the tumor microenvironment, cancer cells have evolved a devious strategy: they transfer th

Phosphorothioate is a chemical modification commonly used in oligonucleotide-based therapies to enhance the stability and efficacy of therapeutic nucleic acids. In this modification, one

Only 1% of our blood is made up of white blood cells, but they have a significant impact. Alternatively referred to as leukocytes, white blood cells. We are shielded from disease and

In the intricate dance between the immune system and cancer, tumors often deploy cunning strategies to evade destruction. A groundbreaking 2025 study in Nature has unveiled a startling new tactic: can

QUICK ANSWER If your ELISA returns sample concentrations that are orders of magnitude too high, the assay itself is usually fine — the error is almost always in data analysis. The most

Fibroblasts, essential components of connective tissues, play vital roles in maintaining tissue structure and function. Their remarkable ability to produce and organize the extracellular matrix

In the intricate world of cancer biology, a silent conversation is constantly unfolding between tumor cells and their environment. For decades, we viewed this dialogue as a one-way street, with cancer

Quick Facts About PinatuzumabWhat is Pinatuzumab?Pinatuzumab is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) designed to target CD22, a protein highly expressed on B-cell malignancies, including non

Bone Biology · BiomarkersBone Resorption: Process, Markers & Clinical SignificanceBone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone tissue and release its stored minerals into the bl

Lab Methods · Flow CytometryFlow Cytometry Protocol: Two Worked Protocols, Controls and 10 Practical TipsFlow cytometry measures individual cells in a fluid stream at hundreds per second, reporting si

IL-8 Overview Interleukin-8 (IL-8), also known as CXCL8, was discovered over 30 years ago as a small molecule that could promote chemotaxis and induce the production

What is VEGF? Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs) are a group of homodimeric polypeptides, and are master regulators of vascular development, maintenance and a

Haemostasis · Platelet BiologyUnderstanding Platelet Activation: A Comprehensive OverviewPlatelet activation is the rapid, tightly controlled response by which circulating platelets change shape, rele

QUICK ANSWER A researcher ran a competitive 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) ELISA on red blood cell (RBC) lysate. The standard curve was textbook, yet every lysate sample read at the

Lab Buffers · ProtocolsPBS vs DPBS: What’s the Difference?PBS and DPBS are the everyday isotonic, pH-balanced salt solutions used to wash, dilute and transport cells and proteins. This guide bre

Immunology · Cytokine SignallingTNF-alpha and Inflammation: Structure, Signalling & TherapyTumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is one of the most important pro-inflammatory cytokines in the body. Sig

Delve into the pivotal role of Neurofilament Light chain (NEFL) in neuron structure and its emerging importance as a biomarker for various neurodegenerative diseases, offering insights into dis

Cell Signalling · EnzymologyProtein Kinases: Function, Classification, Structure and InhibitorsProtein kinases transfer a phosphate group from ATP onto specific residues of target proteins, switching

Cell Culture · ProtocolsPassaging Hybridoma Cells: A Detailed GuideHybridomas are productive but temperamental. They grow in suspension, are sensitive to shear and to overgrowth, and — the problem tha

Quick Facts About AvdoralimabWhat is Avdoralimab?Avdoralimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting C5aR1, playing a crucial role in modulating immune response and inflammation.What is the m

Quick Facts About NarsoplimabWhat is Narsoplimab?Narsoplimab is a human monoclonal antibody that targets MASP-2, a key enzyme in the lectin pathway of the complement system.What is the m

Cell Signalling · Growth FactorsGrowth Factors: Families, Receptors and Signalling PathwaysGrowth factors are secreted proteins that instruct cells whether to divide, differentiate, migrate or survive

The IgA test, also known as immunoglobulin A test, is a diagnostic tool used to measure the levels of IgA antibodies in the blood. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a type of antibody that plays a cruc

Quick Facts About FarletuzumabWhat is Farletuzumab?Farletuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting folate receptor alpha (FRα), a protein overexpressed in ovarian and other epi

By Charlotte O'Donnell PhD Similar to IL-33, IL-36R ligands are involved in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Analogous to IL-33, d is locali

Quick answer On the Periaxin (PRX) ELISA, a researcher found every serum sample reading above the top standard — optical density (OD) around 2.8–3.0 at 450 nm, well beyond the highest

For decades, we viewed cancer as a rogue army of cells, a biological glitch driven solely by genetic mutations and metabolic greed. We imagined tumors as isolated fortresses, growing in a vacuum of t

Exploring IL-18: A key cytokine in inflammation and disease. Key Takeaways: IL-18, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a pivotal role in immune responses, particularly in inducing Type II

Oligodendrocytes are pivotal CNS cells, integral for myelin formation and nerve function, with implications in various neurological disorders. Key Takeaways Oligodendrocytes are specia

RIG-I: Antiviral Properties in COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection Key Points RIG-I is a cytosolic RNA h

As atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory disease, there are many influential biomarkers that contribute to the disease’s progression as well as biomarkers from atherosclerosis related di

This article breaks down the glycoprotein Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) detailing its structure, function and therapeutic uses. It also describes its role in imm

Metabolism · Biochemistry GuideBeta-Oxidation of Fatty AcidsBeta-oxidation is the mitochondrial pathway that breaks fatty acids down into acetyl-CoA for energy. This guide covers where it happen

For decades, the brain has been considered an immune sanctuary, protected by the formidable blood-brain barrier. This intricate defense system, while vital for safeguarding our most complex organ, ha

Toll-Like Receptors The innate immune response has come under the spotlight in recent years due to its central role in propagating the pathogen

You are only part human. In some ways, you are as much bacteria as you are mammal, and in some ways bacteria make up far more of you than your own familiar cells and genes! It is becoming

By Juan Quintana, PhD student, University of Edinbrugh What are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)? The World Health Organ

Immunology · Myeloid CellsGranulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils and BasophilsGranulocytes are the leukocytes with cytoplasmic granules and lobed nuclei — neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. They

BDNF Overview Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a central mediator of neuroplasticity, a term used to describe the ability of neurons

Chemistry · Acid-BaseDeprotonation: Mechanism, pKa and Choosing the Right BaseDeprotonation is the removal of a proton from a molecule to give its conjugate base. Whether it happens, and how completel

Immunology · T LymphocytesCD8+ T Cells: Cytotoxic Mechanisms, Memory and ExhaustionCD8+ T cells kill infected and transformed cells directly, and they do it with a specificity nothing else in the immu

Microbiology · ProbioticsLactobacilli: Structure, Metabolism, Identification and Probiotic UseLactobacilli are lactic acid bacteria found in fermented foods and across the human gastrointestinal, oral

Immunology · Antigen PresentationDendritic Cells: Markers, Activation and SubtypesDendritic cells are the professional antigen-presenting cells that decide whether an immune response happens at all. T

Nod-like receptors Nod like receptors (NLRs) are a versatile family of relatively recently discovered intracellular receptors which have a br

What is Wnt Signalling? The Wnt signalling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that plays critical roles in the regulation of determining cell f

Imagine engineering a patient's own immune cells into precision-guided missiles against cancer—cells that can seek out and destroy tumors with remarkable specificity. This is the promise of CAR-T cell