10811 results for 'stromal cells'

Written by Seán Mac Fhearraigh, PhD  •  Updated: 19 May 2026  •  ~9 min read Quick Answer The five main types of ELISA are sandwich, competitive, direct, indirect and multiplex. Sandwich ELISA is

Melanoma is an aggressive type of skin cancer that originates in melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin, which gives skin its color. Although it is less common than othe

Quick Facts About TigatuzumabWhat is Tigatuzumab?Tigatuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the death receptor 5 (DR5) pathway, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells.What is the mech

An antibody's variable domains decide what it binds. Its Fc decides what happens next — and that is not a detail of formulation, it is half the mechanism. Which Fcγ receptor the constant region engag

In the realm of immunology, the terms "immunoglobulin" and "antibody" often find themselves used interchangeably, sparking confusion among those keen on understanding the immune system's fine deta

Quick Facts About IvuxolimabWhat is ivuxolimab?Ivuxolimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, a "don't eat me" signal that cancer cells exploit to evade immune destruction.How does

Cell Death · BiomarkersCleaved Caspase-3: Activation, Function and Detection in ApoptosisCaspase-3 sits at the point where apoptotic signalling becomes irreversible. It is made as an inactive proenzym

In this blog post, we will review prostate cancer markers and what you should look for in your results. Prostate antigen marker (PSA) and p63 are the most common markers found in pro

Antibody Structure Antibody S

What if our first line of immune defense, the innate immune system, could learn from past encounters to fight future battles more effectively? For decades, we believed this was the exclusive domain of

What You Need to Know About ImalumabWhat is Imalumab?Imalumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a key regulator of inflammation and immune

Quick Facts About NarnatumabWhat is Narnatumab?Narnatumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, a key immune checkpoint that helps cancer cells evade destruction by the immune system.

A New Dawn in Lupus Treatment: The Promise of Topical RNA Therapeutics Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a debilitating autoimmune disease that has long puzzled researchers and clinicians. Howeve

QUICK ANSWER A researcher ran a panel of EMT-marker ELISA kits (E-cadherin, claudin-1, N-cadherin, vimentin, ZEB1, TWIST1) on breast cell-line lysates and found E-cadherin reading "pos

What is von Willebrand Factor? Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) is a crucial glycoprotein that plays a fundamental role in blood clotting and hemostasis. Produced by endot

What You Need to Know About BermekimabWhat is Bermekimab?Bermekimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the CD47 receptor, developed to modulate the immune system and improve conditions l

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The inflammasome is one of the few innate pathways that destroys the cell it activates. A macrophage that assembles NLRP3 has committed to a decision it cannot reverse: a priming signal through TLR4

Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a complex enzyme involved in the conversion of pyruvate, a product of glycolysis, into acetyl-CoA, a crucial molecule in energy production and intermediary

Fluorescent proteins (FPs) have revolutionized the field of molecular and cellular biology, allowing scientists to visualize and track biological processes in live cells with unprecedented clarity

The flu is a highly contagious virus that affects the respiratory system. It can cause fever, muscle aches, and coughing. In some cases, it can lead to more serious health complicati

The tau protein is a hot topic in the scientific world right now. This little-known protein has been linked to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative disea

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Quick Facts About Ladiratuzumab VedotinWhat is Ladiratuzumab Vedotin?Ladiratuzumab Vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) designed to target LIV-1, a protein commonly expressed in t

Both interferon families run through STAT1, and that single shared subunit is why they are so often conflated — and why conflating them is a mistake. Type I interferon assembles STAT1 into a three-pa

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Imagine a microscopic sniper, capable of delivering a lethal blow to a single cancer cell while leaving its healthy neighbors virtually untouched. This is the promise of targeted alpha therapy, a rev

Autophagy, a fundamental cellular process, plays an indispensable role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and ensuring the efficient recycling of cellular components. Through this p

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Explore the world of astrocytes, crucial star-shaped cells in the brain, and understand how specific markers help study their roles in neural health and disorders. Key Takeaways: Ast

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Understanding the dynamics of sodium and potassium ions within biological systems is crucial for deciphering cellular processes and developing therapeutic strategies. Sodium and potassium indicato

What You Need to Know About TocilizumabWhat is Tocilizumab?Tocilizumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor, widely used for managing autoimmune and in

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Quick Facts About EnokizumabWhat is Enokizumab?Enokizumab is a monoclonal antibody designed to target interleukin-9 (IL-9), a cytokine involved in inflammatory responses. It has been stu

Cancer Biology · Cell Signallingp53: Structure, Signalling, Regulation and Mutation in Cancerp53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer, and the reason is structural: a single tetrameric

Transplant rejection is the fastest, most violent adaptive immune response a body can mount — and it is a response to a molecule rather than to a pathogen. Somewhere between one and ten per cent of a

Metabolism · Biochemistry Guide 10 Steps of Glycolysis: Enzymes, Diagram & ATP Yield The complete ten-step pathway that converts one glucose m

Quick Facts About IcrucumabWhat is Icrucumab?Icrucumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) to inhibit tumor angiogenesis.How Doe

Fenofibrate, also known as FEN, is a drug that is used to lower cholesterol levels. It works by blocking the absorption of dietary cholesterol in the small intestine and therefore, red

Bone Biology · BiomarkersBone Resorption: Process, Markers & Clinical SignificanceBone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone tissue and release its stored minerals into the bl

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Immunology · HyperinflammationCytokine Storm and Cytokine Release Syndrome: Mechanisms, Triggers and MarkersA cytokine storm is a self-amplifying inflammatory response in which cytokine release drives

Ovarian cancer is a set of malignancies that start in the ovaries, as well as adjacent portions of the fallopian tubes and peritoneum. Women have two ovaries, one on each side of the u

T cell activation is a crucial process in the immune response, playing a pivotal role in how the body responds to pathogens and maintains immune homeostasis. This intricate process involves severa

Metabolism · Biochemistry GuideBeta-Oxidation of Fatty AcidsBeta-oxidation is the mitochondrial pathway that breaks fatty acids down into acetyl-CoA for energy. This guide covers where it happen

Introduction Claudins are a family of proteins that play a critical role in the formation of t

Targeting USP22: A New Approach to Enhance Anticancer Immunity Introduction In the ever-evolving landscape of cancer research, the intricate relationship between immune e

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Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a condition in which activated enzymes and inflammatory mediators released from the pancreas cause damage to the pancreas and surrounding tissues. AP is furt

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A macrophage does not decide to eat; it counts votes. Every particle it touches carries a mixture of pro-phagocytic and inhibitory ligands, and engulfment follows only when the activating tally clear

Quick Facts About LabetuzumabWhat is Labetuzumab?Labetuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CEACAM5, a protein overexpressed in various cancers, primarily colorectal carcinoma.How do

For decades, the brain has been considered an immune sanctuary, protected by the formidable blood-brain barrier. This intricate defense system, while vital for safeguarding our most complex organ, ha

Imagine a world where we can fold the very fabric of life into microscopic machines, guiding the growth of a single neuron with the precision of a master architect. This isn't science fiction; it is

What is Cystic Fibrosis? Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to produce sweat and thick mucus. CF causes mucus to build up in t

The STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) pathway plays a pivotal role in the innate immune system's response to cancerous cells and DNA viruses. Exploiting this pathway through STING activators

Acetylation, a chemical process characterized by the addition of an acetyl functional group to a molecule, stands as a cornerstone in both biochemical and biological landscapes. Its significanc

What You Need to Know About CabiralizumabWhat is Cabiralizumab?Cabiralizumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF1R), developed for treating c