10514 results for 'chronic hepatitis B'

Hepatic Function Assays Liver function assays are a suite of tests designed to assess the health and efficacy of our vital

Understanding PD-1 Blockade in B-Cell Lymphomas Understanding PD-1 Blockade in B-Cell Lymphomas Introduction The programmed cell death prote

The fight against B cell cancers, a challenging spectrum of hematologic malignancies, has entered a new era with the introduction of rituximab biosimilars. These biosimilars promise to extend the

Immunology · ImmunophenotypingCD Markers on B Cells: Development, Subsets and ImmunophenotypingB cells change their surface marker profile at every stage from bone marrow progenitor to antibody-secret

B Cell Types, Antigen Recognition & Activation A comprehensive guide to B cells! Introduction B cells, a vital component of the immune system, play

In the relentless fight against cancer, immunotherapy has emerged as a beacon of hope, harnessing the body's own defenses to combat malignant cells. Yet, predicting which patients will respond to the

T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) is an immune checkpoint receptor that plays a pivotal role in T cell exhaustion, a state where T cells lose their ability to ef

The germinal centre is where antibody quality is made. A naive B cell that binds antigen does not become a source of protective, high-affinity IgG by accident. It passes through a tightly choreograph

What You Need to Know About PolatuzumabWhat is Polatuzumab??Polatuzumab vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate targeting CD79b, a component of the B-cell receptor, used primarily in B-cel

You can remove almost every B cell from an animal and barely move its antibody titre. That is not a failed experiment — it is the expected result, and it follows from one fact: CD20 is switched off a

T cells are central players in adaptive immunity, responsible for recognizing and eliminating infected or aberrant cells. Upon encountering antigens, T cells undergo clonal expansion and differ

Introduction to TLR4 and Cancer Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a key component of the innate immune system, primarily responsible for detecting infections and initiating inflammatory resp

Breakthrough Discovery: Epstein-Barr Virus Identified as Primary Trigger for Lupus A groundbreaking study published in November 2025 has provided the most definitive evidence to date that the common E

What is Hepatocyte Growth Factor? Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a cytokine that is mainly produced by the liver. HGF is a pleiotrophic cytokine that regulates cell growth, motilit

Quick Facts About ObinutuzumabWhat is Obinutuzumab?Obinutuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20, primarily used in treating B-cell malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukem

Quick Facts About RituximabWhat is Rituximab?Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20, a protein found on the surface of B cells. It plays a crucial role in treating autoimmune

Explore the complexities of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) signaling and regulation, a crucial aspect in immune response modulation and its dual roles in cancer development and therapy. Key Takeaways:

Introduction to BTLA in Immune Regulation B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is an immune checkpoint molecule that plays a critical role in regulating immune responses by suppressing T

CD4+ T cells are central to the immune system, functioning as coordinators of immune responses and regulators of immune tolerance. These cells are divided into two primary subtypes: Helpe

What You Need to Know About IscalimabWhat is Iscalimab?Iscalimab (CFZ533) is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD40, a key protein involved in immune system regulation.What is the mechanis

Quick Facts About IanalumabWhat is Ianalumab?Ianalumab is a monoclonal antibody currently being investigated for its potential in treating autoimmune diseases, particularly lupus and imm

Clinical pathology labs play a crucial role in modern healthcare, providing critical diagnostic testing services for a wide array of diseases and conditions. These laboratories are design

Biomarkers · InflammationC-Reactive Protein (CRP): Structure, Function and Clinical UseCRP is the most widely measured marker of inflammation in medicine — fast to rise, fast to fall, and entirely non

What You Need to Know About MilatuzumabWhat is Milatuzumab?Milatuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD74, a molecule involved in antigen presentation and cell signaling.W

Transplant rejection is the fastest, most violent adaptive immune response a body can mount — and it is a response to a molecule rather than to a pathogen. Somewhere between one and ten per cent of a

What You Need to Know About InebilizumabWhat is Inebilizumab?Inebilizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets CD19, a protein expressed on B cells, to treat autoimmune diseas

Immunology Guide 5 Types of Immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD & IgE The five antibody classes that drive immune defence — their structure, fun

Quick Facts About AlemtuzumabWhat is Alemtuzumab?Alemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD52, primarily used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and certain cancers like

Alzheimer's disease stands as a formidable challenge in the realm of neurological disorders, characterized by its progressive nature and profound impact on cognitive functions. This article delve

Complete T Helper Cell Guide: Th1, Th2, Th17 & Functions - Your Ultimate Resource from Assay GenieIn this guide, we will explore the differences between TH1 and TH2 cells, their crucial r

What You Need to Know About TocilizumabWhat is Tocilizumab?Tocilizumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor, widely used for managing autoimmune and in

Quick Facts About BelimumabWhat is Belimumab?Belimumab is a monoclonal antibody used to treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease. It is marketed under the brand na

Quick Facts About NaratuximabWhat is Naratuximab?Naratuximab is an anti-CD37 monoclonal antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) designed to target B-cell malignancies, particularly non-Hodgkin lym

A depletion experiment is only as good as the depletion you can prove. Injecting a functional-grade antibody and assuming the population is gone is the most common failure mode in in vivo immunology.

CD155 is read by four different receptors, and only one of them turns the killing programme on. The nectin and nectin-like ligands induced on stressed and transformed cells are simultaneously an acti

Interleukin-21 (IL-21) stands out as a pivotal cytokine in the complex network of immune system communication. Its role in regulating various immune cell types has drawn considerable attention

What is Neuroimmunology? Neuroimmunology is a multidisciplinary scientific field dedicated to investigating the intricate and bidirectional interactions between the c

What You Need to Know About DupilumabWhat is Dupilumab?Dupilumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody designed to treat various chronic inflammatory diseases by inhibiting key cytokines

What if our first line of immune defense, the innate immune system, could learn from past encounters to fight future battles more effectively? For decades, we believed this was the exclusive domain of

In the realm of immunotherapy, T cell expansion has emerged as a pivotal strategy, holding promise in the treatment of various diseases, particularly cancer. T cells are a critical component of

PD-1 gets the attention, but it is one brake among many — and the others do not work the same way. The co-inhibitory receptors are routinely drawn as interchangeable stop signs on a T cell. They are

What is Cystic Fibrosis? Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to produce sweat and thick mucus. CF causes mucus to build up in t

What You Need to Know About BermekimabWhat is Bermekimab?Bermekimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the CD47 receptor, developed to modulate the immune system and improve conditions l

Immunology · CytokinesIFN-gamma: Signalling, Function and Roles in Inflammation, Cancer and AutoimmunityInterferon gamma is the sole type II interferon and one of the most consequential cytokines in i

In the realm of immunology, CXCL chemokines emerge as fascinating conductors. These small proteins, marked by their CXC motif, wield considerable influence over our immune responses and a ra

Immunology · T LymphocytesCD8+ T Cells: Cytotoxic Mechanisms, Memory and ExhaustionCD8+ T cells kill infected and transformed cells directly, and they do it with a specificity nothing else in the immu

IL-8 Overview Interleukin-8 (IL-8), also known as CXCL8, was discovered over 30 years ago as a small molecule that could promote chemotaxis and induce the production

Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3) is an immune checkpoint receptor that plays a critical role in regulating T cell function. In recent years, LAG-3 has emerged as a potential target fo

Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, triggers an immune response that produces antibodies detectable by laboratory tests. Diagnosing syphilis often involves detecting thes

Only 1% of our blood is made up of white blood cells, but they have a significant impact. Alternatively referred to as leukocytes, white blood cells. We are shielded from disease and