10421 results for 'chronic hepatitis B'

Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: The Body's Hidden Arsenals in the Fight Against Cancer Imagine a battlefield within the body, where the immune system stands as the last line of defense against the rel ...

Toll-Like Receptors The innate immune response has come under the spotlight in recent years due to its central role in propagating the pathoge ...

What is Gut Inflammation? The gut, or gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a long tube that starts from the mouth and extends to the anus. It includes various organs suc ...

The complex interplay between chemokines and cytokines is fundamental to the immune system's function, orchestrating the body's response to infection, inflammation, and injury. This detailed anal ...

The prevalence of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders has risen dramatically in recent decades, presenting a significant global health challenge. Adipose tissue, once considered mer ...

The Brain's Sentinels: How Microglia Shape Neuroinflammation in Disease In the intricate landscape of the human brain, a silent, ever-watchful guardian stands ready to defend against injury and inva ...

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, irreversible and ultimately fatal disease characterized by pro ...

Cyclins and CDKs are central to cell cycle control, with specific cyclin-CDK pairs regulating different phases, ensuring orderly progression and genomic integrity in cell division. Key Takeaw ...

Quick Facts About TezepelumabWhat is Tezepelumab?Tezepelumab is a monoclonal antibody designed to inhibit thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a key driver of airway inflammation in sev ...

By Sinead Kinsella PhD The Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) The Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) is a regulatory machinery for protein turnover in ...

Ana Catarina Ferreira Psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression, are highly prevalent conditions and its incidence is expected to increase as ...

Explore the diverse roles and functionalities of granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells - as they form a critical line of defense in the immune system, res ...

In the intricate tapestry of the immune system, macrophages play a pivotal role, orchestrating a wide range of biological responses that protect the body against pathogens, remove cellular debris ...

The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) family represents a crucial group of signaling molecules that play a pivotal role in regulating the immune system and inflammatory responses. Comprising 11 members, in ...

The STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) pathway plays a pivotal role in the innate immune system's response to cancerous cells and DNA viruses. Exploiting this pathway through STING activators ...

By Ana Catarina Ferreira, PhD Candidate, Univeristy of Minho, Portugal Psychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression, are highly prevalent co ...

Key Takeaways: Microglia are immune cells in the CNS, originating from myeloid precursor cells. They surveil the CNS, respond to changes, and maintain neural health. Microglia exist in dif ...

Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2–Related Factor 2 (NRF2) orchestrates a principal defense mechanism against oxidative stress and plays a pivotal role in inflammation and disease pathogenesis. This arti ...

Chemokines are highly conserved cytokines that control the movement of cells around the body. All 45 members of the chemokine family can be divided into 4 subfamilies depending on t ...

Quick Facts About UlviprubartWhat is Ulviprubart?Ulviprubart is an experimental complement inhibitor designed to modulate immune responses in autoimmune diseases.What is the mechan ...

What You Need to Know About ImalumabWhat is Imalumab?Imalumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a key regulator of inflammation and immune ...

Quick Facts About CanakinumabWhat is Canakinumab?Canakinumab is a human monoclonal antibody that targets interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), reducing inflammation associated with various diseas ...

Imagine a highly trained soldier, elite and effective, sent to the front lines of a relentless war. Day after day, they fight without rest, their supplies dwindle, and the enemy never stops coming. E ...

Quick Facts About PinatuzumabWhat is Pinatuzumab?Pinatuzumab is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) designed to target CD22, a protein highly expressed on B-cell malignancies, including no ...

Tocilizumab (Actemra®) in COVID-19 Treatment What is Tocilizumab? Tocilizumab, also called atlizumab, is an immunosuppres ...

By Charlotte O’Donnell PhD Cancer Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process that develops through epigenetic changes an ...

by Ryan Wallis, PhD Aging and Disease Imagine a world where everything you do is missing just a little piece and as time goes on you start to lose sense entirely. This is the dev ...

Quick Facts About EldelumabWhat is Eldelumab?Eldelumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting TNFSF14 (LIGHT), a key regulator in immune system signaling, with potential applications in inf ...

Quick Facts About AvdoralimabWhat is Avdoralimab?Avdoralimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting C5aR1, playing a crucial role in modulating immune response and inflammation.What is the ...

Quick Facts About FezakinumabWhat is Fezakinumab?Fezakinumab is a human IgG1-lambda monoclonal antibody that targets interleukin-22 (IL-22), a cytokine involved in inflammatory response ...

Immunology · Cytokine SignallingTNF-alpha and Inflammation: Structure, Signalling & TherapyTumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is one of the most important pro-inflammatory cytokines in the body ...

by Ryan Wallis, PhD student, QMUL, Blizard Institute The microscopic world of cell biology was first explored by Robert Hooke in the 17th century and published in his work, Microgr ...

Immunology · Antibody ProductionHybridoma Technology: How Monoclonal Antibodies Are MadeHybridoma technology, pioneered by Georges Köhler and César Milstein in 1975, is the method that made monoclona ...

Antigen's are foreign molecules recognised by the immune system. Antigens can be protein, carbohydrate, lipid or nucleic acid molecules. Examples include viruses and bacteria as well as f ...

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For years, our understanding of cancer focused primarily on the tumor cells themselves and the immune system's response. However, a groundbreaking wave of research is revealing a startling truth: ne ...

Interleukin-9 (IL-9) plays a critical role in the immune system, influencing a variety of biological functions across different immune cell types. This article provides an in-depth look at the si ...

What is a Plasma Membrane? The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, is a vital component of all cells. It is a thin, semi-permeable barrier that separat ...

Spindle assembly checkpoint The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), or mitotic checkpoint, is the main cell cycle control mechanism that governs mitosis. Incorre ...

By Charlotte O'Donnell PhD Similar to IL-33, IL-36R ligands are involved in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Analogous to IL-33, d is local ...

HIV Virus: Replication Cycle and Pathogenesis in absence of HAART The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a formidable pathogen that has posed a significant global ...

Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) represent a fascinating component of the immune system, playing a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and mounting rapid responses against pathogens. Th ...

As atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory disease, there are many influential biomarkers that contribute to the disease’s progression as well as biomarkers from atherosclerosis related d ...

What are Toll Like Receptors? Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system's defense against microbial invaders ...

Laura Menke PhD candidate, Queen Mary University of London Inflammation vs. Resolution Atherothrombosis is the leading cause of death worldwide ...

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, stand as critical components of the immune system, orchestrating the identification and neutralization of pathogens like viruses and bacteria. This extensive arti ...

The Complement System Function Gone are the days when the complement system was considered solely a companion of its impressive adaptive immune system count ...

Understanding the Bcl-2 Pathway: Implications for Cancer Therapy The Bcl-2 family of proteins plays a pivotal role in regulating apoptosis, a crucial process for maintaining cellula ...

Quick Facts About CarlumabWhat is Carlumab?Carlumab is a monoclonal antibody developed to target CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), a key mediator in inflammatory diseases and cancer progres ...

Exploring the Role of TIM-3/Gal-9 in Antiparasitic ImmunityIntroductionThe immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that work together to defend the body against pathogens, including ...

A wide variety of cell surface receptors activate Ras GTPase, including the tyrosine receptor linked to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (Wells 1999). Upon receptor stimulation, son ...

Fenofibrate, also known as FEN, is a drug that is used to lower cholesterol levels. It works by blocking the absorption of dietary cholesterol in the small intestine and therefore, re ...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal in the immune system, orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses. Understanding their developmental lineage pathway is crucial in immunology, particularl ...

Nod-like receptors Nod like receptors (NLRs) are a versatile family of relatively recently discovered intracellular receptors which have a b ...

What are Natural Killer Cells? Natural Killer (NK) cells are a vital subset of lymphocytes, belonging to the same family as B cells and T cells, collectively known a ...

Quick Facts About AdalimumabWhat is Adalimumab?Adalimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody designed to neutralize tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a key cytokine involved in inf ...

Quick Facts About NatalizumabWhat is Natalizumab?Natalizumab is a monoclonal antibody used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) and Crohn's disease. It works by blocking immune cells from a ...

The Immune System The immune system is a host defence system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that pro ...

Small molecule inhibitors represent a significant advancement in the field of therapeutic interventions, offering a versatile approach to treating a myriad of diseases, including cancer, viral in ...

Incidence rate of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is one of the most common malignant diseases diagnosed in children. It ...

Ralitsa R. Madsen – University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Each one of us is the result of an extraordinary developmental proce ...

The flu is a highly contagious virus that affects the respiratory system. It can cause fever, muscle aches, and coughing. In some cases, it can lead to more serious health complicat ...

Immunophenotyping by Flow Cytometry Immunophenotyping is a technique used in the field of immunology and cell biology to identify and classify cells based on the specific proteins ...

This article provides an overview of the protein Zonulin (function, structure, location). It describes tight junction proteins, leaky gut and Zonulin-related diseases. This includes celiac diseas ...

Monocytes, as part of the innate immune system, act as the first line of defense against foreign invaders. One of their primary functions is phagocytosis, a crucial process in which they engul ...

Introduction to PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in Cancer ImmunotherapyThe PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway has been instrumental in cancer immunotherapy, with PD-1 (programmed death-1) inhib ...

Quick Facts About GuselkumabWhat is Guselkumab?Guselkumab is a biologic therapy that selectively targets the p19 subunit of interleukin-23 (IL-23), playing a critical role in inflammato ...

Oxidative Stress Definition Oxidative stress is a condition that results when the body produces or consumes more reactive oxygen species (ROS) than it can neutrali ...

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape for various malignancies. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies is the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, par ...

The use of M2 Supplement in organoid culture has revolutionized the way researchers cultivate and maintain these three-dimensional (3D) cellular models. Organoids—self-organizing cell cl ...

Acetylation, a chemical process characterized by the addition of an acetyl functional group to a molecule, stands as a cornerstone in both biochemical and biological landscapes. Its significan ...

Immunoglobulin antibodies stand at the forefront of the immune defense system, offering a sophisticated mechanism for recognizing and neutralizing a vast array of pathogens, including bacteria, ...

CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, plays a pivotal role in regulating immune responses, particularly in activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) a ...

By Francisco Algaba Chueco In this post we discuss a topic that everyone will have heard of. Let’s talk about migraines, a disorder that hides a huge p ...

SARS-CoV-2 Background COVID-19 is characterised by a series of biological markers. In some instances, these biomarkers can be used as potent ...

Introduction Discover the multifaceted role of CD33, a critical player in immune function and disease, shaping our approach to treating cancers and neurodegenerative condition ...

A New Dawn in Lupus Treatment: The Promise of Topical RNA Therapeutics Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a debilitating autoimmune disease that has long puzzled researchers and clinicians. Howev ...

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Polo-like kinase (Plk1) Polo-like kinase (Plk1), is a serine/threonine kinase that is active during mitosis (Hamanaka et al., 1995). Its name is derived from its orig ...

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In 2006, upon completion of the Human Genome Project, it was discovered that nearly 8% of the human genome is made up of viral DNA. These viral remnants are composed of ancient germ ...

The human body is a complex and intricate system where various components work together to maintain health and combat potential threats. Among these essential players are the TNF cy ...

For decades, the fight against cancer has been a grueling battle of attrition, with treatments often as harsh as the disease itself. But a revolutionary approach, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T ce ...

By Eoin Mac Réamoinn Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are renowned for their fundamental roles in innate sensing and initiating inflammatory responses. TLR ...

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Quick Facts About ErenumabWhat is Erenumab?Erenumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody designed to prevent migraines by targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor.

Interferons are key cytokines in the immune system, crucial for combating viral and bacterial infections, with significant roles in both innate and adaptive immunity responses. Key Takeaways ...

Cellular Senescence in Cancer Immunotherapy: The Double-Edged Sword In the intricate world of cancer biology, some of our body's most potent defense mechanisms can paradoxically turn against us. Cel ...

The IgA test, also known as immunoglobulin A test, is a diagnostic tool used to measure the levels of IgA antibodies in the blood. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a type of antibody that plays a cru ...

Quick Facts About SiltuximabWhat is Siltuximab?Siltuximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine involved in inflammation and immune regulation.What is the ...

What You Need to Know About OzuriftamabWhat is Ozuriftamab?Ozuriftamab is an investigational monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, designed to enhance immune-mediated clearance of cancer ...

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