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Quick answer A competitive ELISA is running correctly when the blank (zero standard) gives the highest OD, the standard curve drops smoothly with rising concentration, and your samples land in the

What is Wnt Signalling? The Wnt signalling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that plays critical roles in the regulation of determining cell fate, polari

The most abundant immunosuppressive molecule in a solid tumour is not a protein. It is adenosine — a metabolite, produced from ATP in two enzymatic steps, at concentrations orders of magnitude above

Quick Facts About PraluzatamabWhat is Praluzatamab?Praluzatamab is an experimental monoclonal antibody that targets CD47, a “don’t eat me” signal used by cancer cells to evade immune des

In the periphery, co-stimulation rescues a T cell. In the thymus, the same molecules kill it. A peripheral T cell that engages its receptor without CD80 and CD86 becomes anergic; engage them and it r

You are only part human. In some ways, you are as much bacteria as you are mammal, and in some ways bacteria make up far more of you than your own familiar cells and genes! It is becoming

By Pietro Maria Bertelli, PhD Candidate, Queens University Belfast Introduction Eye complications are very frequent in patients with diabetes, and thi

Quick Facts About IanalumabWhat is Ianalumab?Ianalumab is a monoclonal antibody currently being investigated for its potential in treating autoimmune diseases, particularly lupus and imm

Immunology · Antibody ProductionHybridoma Technology: How Monoclonal Antibodies Are MadeHybridoma technology, pioneered by Georges Köhler and César Milstein in 1975, is the method that made monoclonal

Biologics · Bone MetabolismDenosumab: RANKL Inhibition, Clinical Applications and BiosimilarsDenosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody against RANKL, the cytokine that drives osteoclast formation

What You Need to Know About InebilizumabWhat is Inebilizumab?Inebilizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets CD19, a protein expressed on B cells, to treat autoimmune diseas

Quick Facts About BelimumabWhat is Belimumab?Belimumab is a monoclonal antibody used to treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease. It is marketed under the brand na

Antigen's are foreign molecules recognised by the immune system. Antigens can be protein, carbohydrate, lipid or nucleic acid molecules. Examples include viruses and bacteria as well as fr

Rapid Antibody & Antigen tests available from Assay Genie

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder that predominantly affects the motor system, leading to a wide range of symptoms including tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slownes

Interleukin-21 (IL-21) stands out as a pivotal cytokine in the complex network of immune system communication. Its role in regulating various immune cell types has drawn considerable attention

Quick Facts About RituximabWhat is Rituximab?Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20, a protein found on the surface of B cells. It plays a crucial role in treating autoimmune

Th17 cells, a subset of T helper cells characterized by their production of interleukin-17 (IL-17), play a significant role in the immune system's response to pathogens and in the pathology of au

What are Toll Like Receptors? Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system's defense against microbial invaders.

Immunology · Antibody BiologyAntibody Light Chains, Heavy Chains, Constant Regions & Tumour-Associated AntigensAn antibody’s specificity comes from its variable domains and its biological effect comes