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The inflammasome is one of the few innate pathways that destroys the cell it activates. A macrophage that assembles NLRP3 has committed to a decision it cannot reverse: a priming signal through TLR4

Signal 1 tells a T cell what it is looking at; signal 2 tells it whether to care. The same peptide–MHC engagement that launches a productive effector response can just as easily install an anergy pro

Both interferon families run through STAT1, and that single shared subunit is why they are so often conflated — and why conflating them is a mistake. Type I interferon assembles STAT1 into a three-pa

Immunology · Complement SystemThe Alternative Complement PathwayThe alternative pathway is one of three routes that activate complement — an antibody-independent, always-on surveillance system d

An antibody's variable domains decide what it binds. Its Fc decides what happens next — and that is not a detail of formulation, it is half the mechanism. Which Fcγ receptor the constant region engag

A macrophage does not decide to eat; it counts votes. Every particle it touches carries a mixture of pro-phagocytic and inhibitory ligands, and engulfment follows only when the activating tally clear

By Charlotte O'Donnell PhD The genes of the IL-36 family members are located in a cluster on chromosome 2 [1]. All three activating ligands, IL-36α, IL-36β a

Bone Biology · BiomarkersBone Resorption: Process, Markers & Clinical SignificanceBone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone tissue and release its stored minerals into the bl

In the intricate tapestry of the immune system, macrophages play a pivotal role, orchestrating a wide range of biological responses that protect the body against pathogens, remove cellular debris,

In the realm of immunology, the terms "immunoglobulin" and "antibody" often find themselves used interchangeably, sparking confusion among those keen on understanding the immune system's fine deta

What are Autoimmune Diseases? Autoimmune diseases are a diverse group of disorders where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells, tissues, and organs

CXCL16 CXCL16, a unique member of the CXC chemokine family, stands at the crossroads of immune modulation and vascular biology. Initially discovered as a chem

Horseshoe crabs, often referred to as "living fossils," are invaluable to modern medicine due to their unique blue blood. This blood is the source of Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL), a sub

Immunology · HaematopoiesisMyeloid Lineage: Pioneers of Immune Cell DevelopmentThe myeloid lineage is one of the two great branches of haematopoiesis, generating the innate immune and blood cells — mo

Stephen Reynolds, PhD Student, CERVIVA and Trinity College Dublin We hear almost daily now how everyone in their lifetime will be touched by cancer either directly or through a close fa

Nod-like receptors Nod like receptors (NLRs) are a versatile family of relatively recently discovered intracellular receptors which have a br