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B7-H3, also known as CD276, is a member of the B7 family of immune checkpoint molecules that has emerged as a compelling target in tumor immunotherapy. Initially recognized for its role i

Toll-like receptors are the reason a milligram of endotoxin can kill a mouse. They are the fastest, least discriminating layer of immunity: germline-encoded sensors that read conserved microbial chem

In 2006, upon completion of the Human Genome Project, it was discovered that nearly 8% of the human genome is made up of viral DNA. These viral remnants are composed of ancient germl

Esophageal cancer is a type of cancer that affects the esophagus, which is the tube that carries food and liquids from your mouth to your stomach. Esophageal cancer can cause many di

Neuroscience · MicrobiomeUnderstanding the Gut-Brain AxisThe gut-brain axis is the dynamic, bidirectional communication system that links the gastrointestinal tract with the central nervous system. Th

Imagine a world where cancer treatment is no longer a blunt instrument but a precision-guided surgical strike, executed by the body's own immune system. For years, we have dreamed of 'smart' cells th

Tocilizumab (Actemra®) in COVID-19 Treatment What is Tocilizumab? Tocilizumab, also called atlizumab, is an immunosuppress

What is COVID-19 COVID-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2, first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019 has spre

The complex interplay between chemokines and cytokines is fundamental to the immune system's function, orchestrating the body's response to infection, inflammation, and injury. This detailed analy

Understanding the dynamics of sodium and potassium ions within biological systems is crucial for deciphering cellular processes and developing therapeutic strategies. Sodium and potassium indicato

Acetylation, a chemical process characterized by the addition of an acetyl functional group to a molecule, stands as a cornerstone in both biochemical and biological landscapes. Its significanc

Endocrinology · ImmunologyCortisol and the Immune ResponseCortisol is the body’s primary stress hormone — a glucocorticoid released by the adrenal gland that powerfully shapes the immune system. Actin

Immunology · Antibody ProductionHybridoma Technology: How Monoclonal Antibodies Are MadeHybridoma technology, pioneered by Georges Köhler and César Milstein in 1975, is the method that made monoclonal

Biomarkers, measurable indicators of biological processes or responses to therapeutic interventions, play a pivotal role in modern healthcare. They provide clinicians with valuable information

By Eleni Chrysostomou, PhD Candidate, NUIG Why do we need to know how the Nervous System develops and regenerates? The structure and function of the n

By Zoe Angel, PhD Student, Ulster University Prostate cancer is now the commonest cancer in men and it is the fifth leading cause of death (1). Researchers h

Hypoxia, or low oxygen levels, poses a significant challenge to cells, necessitating rapid and efficient adaptation mechanisms. The Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) pathway is a well-known regula

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are pivotal in the fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). These receptors are not only crucial for normal brai

Cell culture techniques are fundamental to biomedical research, providing crucial insights into cellular functions, drug discovery, and disease mechanisms. A critical step in cell culture is the p

Laura Menke PhD candidate, Queen Mary University of London Inflammation vs. Resolution Atherothrombosis is the leading cause of death worldwide