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5 Types of Immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD & IgE(Post)
Immunology Guide 5 Types of Immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD & IgE The five antibody classes that drive immune defence — their structure, fun
C-Reactive Protein (CRP): Function, Levels & What They Mean(Post)Biomarkers · InflammationC-Reactive Protein (CRP): Structure, Function and Clinical UseCRP is the most widely measured marker of inflammation in medicine — fast to rise, fast to fall, and entirely non
How to Choose a Secondary Antibody(Post)The selection of a secondary antibody is a critical step in the experimental design of various immunodetection methods, including Western Blot, ELISA, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and immunofluores
Co-Inhibitory Checkpoints Beyond PD-1: CTLA-4, LAG-3 and TIM-3(Post)PD-1 gets the attention, but it is one brake among many — and the others do not work the same way. The co-inhibitory receptors are routinely drawn as interchangeable stop signs on a T cell. They are
Dendritic Cells - Markers, Activation & Subtypes(Post)Immunology · Antigen PresentationDendritic Cells: Markers, Activation and SubtypesDendritic cells are the professional antigen-presenting cells that decide whether an immune response happens at all. T
HMGB1 in inflammation and cancer(Post)HMGB1 Functional Overview High mobility group box 1 ( HMGB1), a member of the high-mobility group (HMG) family, was first identified in the thymus in 1973 an
TLX as a Novel Therapeutic Target(Post)Danka Kozareva PhD Candidate, University College Cork The generation of neurons from stem cells The process of generating
Bcell germinal centre pathway(Page) Decoding Parkinson's Disease: Insights into a Complex Neurological Disorder(Post)Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects the motor system, leading to a wide array of symptoms ranging from tremors and stiffness to bradykinesia (slo
The Exciting Field of Stem Cell Research(Post)What are Stem Cells? Stem cells are primitive, undifferentiated, and unspecialised cells that are found in multicellular organisms
Preeclampsia & immune cell regulation | Assay Genie(Post)What is preeclampsia? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one in ten pregnant women is affected by hypertensive disorders, and preeclampsia a
Unlocking Cellular Adaptation: The HIF Enhancer Pathway and Its Implications in Hypoxia Response(Post)Hypoxia, or low oxygen levels, poses a significant challenge to cells, necessitating rapid and efficient adaptation mechanisms. The Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) pathway is a well-known regula
NRF2 Signaling: A Keystone in Inflammation and Disease Management(Post)Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2–Related Factor 2 (NRF2) orchestrates a principal defense mechanism against oxidative stress and plays a pivotal role in inflammation and disease pathogenesis. This artic
VEGF-A VEGFR-2 Signaling: Decoding the Blueprint of Angiogenesis for Therapeutic Insights(Post)The orchestration of angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels form from pre-existing ones, is a complex symphony regulated by various molecular players. At the forefront of this int
M2 Supplement for Organoid Cell Culture: Enhancing Growth and Differentiation(Post)The use of M2 Supplement in organoid culture has revolutionized the way researchers cultivate and maintain these three-dimensional (3D) cellular models. Organoids—self-organizing cell clu
Androgenic steroid action in breast cancer(Post)By Rachel Bleach, PhD Student, RCSI By the age of 79 years, 1 in 14 women will develop breast cancer (Global Burden of Disease Cancer 2017). Beatson reported
Sensing Danger: The Biology of TLR-Mediated Inflammation(Post)By Eoin Mac Réamoinn Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are renowned for their fundamental roles in innate sensing and initiating inflammatory responses. TLRs acco
MAPK Signaling: Unraveling the Pathway of Mitogen Stimulation(Post)Cell Signalling · Kinase CascadesMAPK Signaling: The Pathway of Mitogen StimulationThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is one of the most important signalling cascades in biology, conv
miRNAs as therapeutics and biomarkers for pancreatic cancer(Post)Pancreatic cancer survival rates Despite recent advances in our understanding of this disease, pancreatic cancer is one of the world’s most lethal malignan
Rat Multiplex ELISA Panels(Page)Rat Multiplex ELISA & Cytokine Assay Panels | Assay Genie