2237 results for 'state'

Written by Seán Mac Fhearraigh, PhD  •  Updated: 19 May 2026  •  ~9 min read Quick Answer ELISA and Western Blot are both antibody-based protein detection methods. ELISA is faster, higher through

CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, plays a pivotal role in regulating immune responses, particularly in activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) an

Imagine a mind trapped in a loop, endlessly repeating actions or thoughts, driven by an invisible force. For millions worldwide, this is the reality of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). While trad

V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is an emerging immune checkpoint receptor that plays a key role in suppressing T cell activity within the tumor microenvironment (TME).

Endocrinology · ImmunologyCortisol and the Immune ResponseCortisol is the body’s primary stress hormone — a glucocorticoid released by the adrenal gland that powerfully shapes the immune system. Actin

Bone Biology · BiomarkersBone Resorption: Process, Markers & Clinical SignificanceBone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone tissue and release its stored minerals into the bl

PVR (Poliovirus receptor), also known as CD155, is a molecule that plays a dual role in regulating the immune response within the tumor microenvironment. While initially discovered as a r

Harnessing the immune system to fight cancer has become a pivotal strategy in modern oncology. A key component in this fight is CD27, a receptor that plays a crucial role in T-cell activa

Understanding Myeloid Cell Networks in Cancer ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, yet its effectiveness in re-establishing original immune responses post-therapy remains li

The innate immune system, a primary line of defense against pathogens, comprises various cellular and molecular mechanisms. Among these, the Nod-like Receptor (NLR) signaling pathways play a criti

Quick Facts About EmapalumabWhat is Emapalumab?Emapalumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). It is the first FDA-approved therapy for primary

PD-L1 in Cancer Immunotherapy: Insights from Recent ResearchRecent advancements in cancer immunotherapy have underscored the critical role of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in mediating immune evas

What is Xeroderma Pigmentosum? Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) also known De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the skin, eyes and central nervous system. It is ca

What is Cystic Fibrosis? Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to produce sweat and thick mucus. CF causes mucus to build up in t

What You Need to Know About DupilumabWhat is Dupilumab?Dupilumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody designed to treat various chronic inflammatory diseases by inhibiting key cytokines

Imagine a future where a simple blood test could detect cancer in its earliest stages, long before symptoms appear. This isn't science fiction; it's the rapidly advancing reality of liquid biopsy, a r

Haematology · HaemostasisPlatelets: Formation, Structure, Activation and Clinical SignificancePlatelets are anucleate fragments shed from megakaryocytes, and they carry out primary haemostasis — adher

For years, the success of CAR-T cell therapy has been a beacon of hope in the fight against blood cancers, offering remarkable remissions where other treatments have failed. Yet, solid tumors—the form

IntroductionCancer cells have developed sophisticated mechanisms to evade the immune system, particularly through the inhibition of T-cell responses. One such mechanism involves the progr

Cellular Senescence in Cancer Immunotherapy: The Double-Edged Sword In the intricate world of cancer biology, some of our body's most potent defense mechanisms can paradoxically turn against us. Cell

Cancer cells are adept at avoiding destruction by the immune system, often exploiting specific pathways to escape detection and elimination. One of these key mechanisms involves the SIRPα

Spatial Transcriptomics: Mapping the Future of Medicine at Cellular Resolution Imagine being able to create a detailed map of a city, not just showing the streets and buildings, but also revealing th

What is von Willebrand Factor? Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) is a crucial glycoprotein that plays a fundamental role in blood clotting and hemostasis. Produced by endot

Quick Facts About NarsoplimabWhat is Narsoplimab?Narsoplimab is a human monoclonal antibody that targets MASP-2, a key enzyme in the lectin pathway of the complement system.What is the m

In the intricate world of cancer biology, a silent conversation is constantly unfolding between tumor cells and their environment. For decades, we viewed this dialogue as a one-way street, with cancer

Immunology · Innate LymphocytesNatural Killer Cells: Receptors, Subsets and FunctionNK cells kill without prior sensitisation and without antigen-specific receptors, using a balance of activating and

For decades, immunologists believed that only adaptive immunity—the sophisticated system of T cells and B cells—could form lasting memories of past infections. The innate immune system, our body's fir

Introduction to KIR Blockade in Cancer ImmunotherapyNatural killer (NK) cells are crucial components of the innate immune system, responsible for recognizing and destroying virally infec

Introduction to CD155 in Cancer ImmunotherapyCD155, also known as Poliovirus Receptor (PVR), is a transmembrane protein that plays a pivotal role in tumor immune evasion. While CD155 is n

Oxidative Stress Definition Oxidative stress is a condition that results when the body produces or consumes more reactive oxygen species (ROS) than it can neutraliz

Quick Facts About VixarelimabWhat is Vixarelimab?Vixarelimab is an investigational monoclonal antibody developed to target oncostatin M receptor beta (OSMRβ), a key pathway involved in p

For decades, the primary strategy in cancer treatment has been to trigger apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, in malignant cells. However, many cancers develop resistance to apoptosis-inducin

Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3) is an immune checkpoint receptor that plays a critical role in regulating T cell function. In recent years, LAG-3 has emerged as a potential target fo

T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) is an immune checkpoint receptor that plays a pivotal role in T cell exhaustion, a state where T cells lose their ability to ef

As hantavirus cases continue to rise globally, the question becomes not just how to detect infections, but how to prevent them in the first place. Recent epidemiological investigations across Califor

For decades, cancer drug development has focused on blocking proteins—inhibiting enzymes, antagonizing receptors, disrupting signaling pathways. Yet this approach leaves a vast landscape of disease-d

Imagine an elite squad of soldiers sent to neutralize a hidden fortress, only to find themselves wandering aimlessly in a thick, disorienting fog just outside the gates. This is the current reality f

This article breaks down the glycoprotein Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) detailing its structure, function and therapeutic uses. It also describes its role in imm

Introduction to CD86 and Its Role in Immune Activation CD86 is a crucial co-stimulatory molecule that plays an essential role in T cell activation, driving the immune system’s ability to

For decades, the brain has been considered an immune sanctuary, protected by the formidable blood-brain barrier. This intricate defense system, while vital for safeguarding our most complex organ, ha

The Double-Edged Sword: How Neutrophil Traps Can Both Help and Hinder Cancer's Spread In the intricate battlefield of the human body, the immune system’s foot soldiers, neutrophils, have long been re

Introduction to FoxP3 and Regulatory T Cells in CancerFoxP3 (forkhead box P3) is a transcription factor critical for the development and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), a speciali

Introduction to CD80 and Its Role in Immune Activation CD80 is a critical immune checkpoint molecule that plays an essential role in T cell activation through co-stimulatory pathways. Exp

Introduction to PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in Cancer ImmunotherapyThe PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway has been instrumental in cancer immunotherapy, with PD-1 (programmed death-1) inhibi

Biologics · TNF InhibitionAdalimumab: Mechanism, Clinical Applications and BiosimilarsAdalimumab is a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds tumour necrosis factor alpha and prevents it engag

Neuroscience · Glial CellsOligodendrocytes: Myelination, Lineage Markers and DiseaseOligodendrocytes are the myelinating glia of the central nervous system. A single oligodendrocyte can wrap segments

Imagine a battlefield where the enemy doesn't just hide from soldiers—it actively sabotages their weapons. In the tumor microenvironment, cancer cells have evolved a devious strategy: they transfer th

Cell Biology · Protein DegradationThe Autophagy Pathway: Mechanism, Regulation and How to Measure ItAutophagy is the cell’s route for degrading and recycling its own contents — damaged organelles, agg

Protein Analysis · ProtocolsWestern Blot Sample Preparation: A Practical GuideMost failed Western blots fail before the gel is loaded. Lysis buffer choice, inhibitor selection, accurate protein quanti

Molecular Biology · ProtocolsTypical Workflow of CRISPR-Cas9 Genome EditingA CRISPR experiment is only as good as the steps around the cut. This guide walks the full workflow — designing and scoring a