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T-Cell Co-Stimulation and Agonist Checkpoint Signalling Explained(Post)
Signal 1 tells a T cell what it is looking at; signal 2 tells it whether to care. The same peptide–MHC engagement that launches a productive effector response can just as easily install an anergy pro
RNA Extraction for COVID-19 Testing(Post)Testing for COVID-19 Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organisation have emphasised the crucial importance of
Hydroxychloroquine: Potential Treatment for COVID-19(Post)Hydroxychloroquine: Potential Treatment for COVID-19 What is Hydroxychloroquine? Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ
Reprogramming Regulatory T Cells: A Breakthrough in Cancer Immunotherapy(Post)A New Dawn in Cancer Treatment: Reprogramming the Immune System's Own Soldiers For decades, the fight against cancer has been a relentless battle of attrition, with treatments like chemotherapy and r
ELISA Inter-Plate Variability: Same Sample, Different Results(Post)Quick answer On the Dog Beta-endorphin (BEP) ELISA Kit, a researcher ran the same canine serum aliquots on two plates from the same lot and saw roughly double the concentration on one
LPS ELISA Troubleshooting: The Importance of Sample Nature(Post)Quick answer A researcher measuring circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in human serum with our LPS ELISA saw almost no color, even after 30 minutes with substrate. Samples had been test
Bone Resorption Explained: Process, Markers, and Clinical Insights(Post)Bone Biology · BiomarkersBone Resorption: Process, Markers & Clinical SignificanceBone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone tissue and release its stored minerals into the bl
Protein Kinases: Overview, Classification and Therapeutic Potential(Post)Cell Signalling · EnzymologyProtein Kinases: Function, Classification, Structure and InhibitorsProtein kinases transfer a phosphate group from ATP onto specific residues of target proteins, switching
Serum vs Plasma: Key Differences & When to Use Each [Guide](Post)Sample Preparation · ImmunoassaySerum vs Plasma: Key Differences and When to Use EachSerum and plasma come from the same blood draw but are not interchangeable. One is collected after clotting, the ot
In Vivo CAR-T Engineering: The Dawn of Off-the-Shelf Immunotherapy(Post)Imagine a future where cancer treatment isn't a grueling, months-long process involving cell extraction and reinfusion, but a simple, targeted injection that reprograms your body's own immune cells t
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Innate Immune System Explained: Step-by-Step Process & Key Concepts(Post)Immunology · Cell BiologyCells of the Innate Immune System: Types, Functions and MarkersThe innate immune system responds within minutes, without prior exposure, using cells that recognise conserved m
ST2 and IL33(Post)ST2, a member of the IL-1R Subfamily ST2 is a member of the IL-1R subfamily and was identified in 1989 [1]. The ST2 gene is located on chromoso
HMGB1 in inflammation and cancer(Post)HMGB1 Functional Overview High mobility group box 1 ( HMGB1), a member of the high-mobility group (HMG) family, was first identified in the thymus in 1973 an
Red Blood Cell Peroxidase Interference in Competitive ELISA(Post)QUICK ANSWER A researcher ran a competitive 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) ELISA on red blood cell (RBC) lysate. The standard curve was textbook, yet every lysate sample read at the
TIGIT, DNAM-1 and the CD155 Axis: Pathway, Function and Assays(Post)CD155 is read by four different receptors, and only one of them turns the killing programme on. The nectin and nectin-like ligands induced on stressed and transformed cells are simultaneously an acti
Amino Acids: Types, Functions, Structure & Essential Guide(Post)Biochemistry · Protein Guide Amino Acids: Types, Functions, Structure & Essential Guide The 20 standard amino acids are the building blocks of
Data Science for Immunologists | Assay Genie(Post)By Dr. Niclas Thomas “Data science” is a recent addition to the vocabulary of analytics, and can mean many different things to different people. As far as
Turning Tumors Against Themselves: In Vivo Reprogramming of Cancer Cells into Dendritic Sentinels(Post)Imagine a future where cancer cells, once masters of disguise, are forced to reveal themselves and even train the body's immune system to fight back. This isn't science fiction; it's the groundbreaki
FAO Activity Negative Results? Data Analysis Help(Post)Quick answer On the Fatty Acid Oxidation (FAO) Assay Kit (BR00001), a researcher found that a subset of skeletal-muscle samples returned negative values once the control well was subtr