3309 results for 'macrophages'

The inflammasome is one of the few innate pathways that destroys the cell it activates. A macrophage that assembles NLRP3 has committed to a decision it cannot reverse: a priming signal through TLR4

Quick Facts About PlonmarlimabWhat is Plonmarlimab?Plonmarlimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting GM-CSF, a cytokine involved in inflammation and immune responses.How does Plonmarlimab

In the intricate world of cancer biology, a silent conversation is constantly unfolding between tumor cells and their environment. For decades, we viewed this dialogue as a one-way street, with cancer

Almost any inflammatory phenotype in a mouse can be assigned to a cytokine by taking that cytokine away. Neutralisation is the most direct causal test immunology has: inject a functional-grade antibo

Dozens of cytokines converge on four kinases and seven transcription factors. That compression is the problem JAK–STAT has to solve, and it is why this map is drawn as receptor, kinase and STAT colum

Tocilizumab reverses cytokine release syndrome within hours, and it never touches the cell that started it. That sentence contains the whole mechanism. The trigger is a T cell — engaged by a CAR, a b

Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal in the immune system, orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses. Understanding their developmental lineage pathway is crucial in immunology, particularly

For decades, immunologists believed that only adaptive immunity—the sophisticated system of T cells and B cells—could form lasting memories of past infections. The innate immune system, our body's fir

Introduction to CD39 and Cancer Immunosuppression CD39 is an ectonucleotidase enzyme that plays a crucial role in generating adenosine, a powerful immunosuppressive molecule within the tu

Introduction to CD80 and Its Role in Immune Activation CD80 is a critical immune checkpoint molecule that plays an essential role in T cell activation through co-stimulatory pathways. Exp

Only 1% of our blood is made up of white blood cells, but they have a significant impact. Alternatively referred to as leukocytes, white blood cells. We are shielded from disease and

Introduction to IL-10R and Immune Suppression in CancerThe interleukin-10 receptor (IL-10R) is a key player in regulating immune responses, particularly in suppressing inflammation and ma

Quick Facts About IcrucumabWhat is Icrucumab?Icrucumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) to inhibit tumor angiogenesis.How Doe

The antigen tells a CD4 T cell to respond; the cytokine tells it what kind of response to make. A naive CD4⁺ T cell leaving the thymus is uncommitted. Within about seventy-two hours of engaging TCR/C

Immunology · Innate LymphocytesNatural Killer Cells: Receptors, Subsets and FunctionNK cells kill without prior sensitisation and without antigen-specific receptors, using a balance of activating and

A natural killer cell decides by subtraction. It carries no rearranged antigen receptor and no memory of what it has seen. It presses a panel of germline-encoded receptors against a target and integr

The Double-Edged Sword: How Neutrophil Traps Can Both Help and Hinder Cancer's Spread In the intricate battlefield of the human body, the immune system’s foot soldiers, neutrophils, have long been re

Introduction to CD86 and Its Role in Immune Activation CD86 is a crucial co-stimulatory molecule that plays an essential role in T cell activation, driving the immune system’s ability to

The orchestration of angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels form from pre-existing ones, is a complex symphony regulated by various molecular players. At the forefront of this int

The STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) pathway plays a pivotal role in the innate immune system's response to cancerous cells and DNA viruses. Exploiting this pathway through STING activators

Introduction to SLAMF7 in Cancer Immunotherapy SLAMF7, also known as Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule F7, is a surface receptor found on natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, plasm

Biomarkers · InflammationC-Reactive Protein (CRP): Structure, Function and Clinical UseCRP is the most widely measured marker of inflammation in medicine — fast to rise, fast to fall, and entirely non

Understanding the immune system's intricacies requires models that accurately reflect its complexity. The rat, as a model organism, plays a crucial role in immunological research, particularly in

The human body is a complex and intricate system where various components work together to maintain health and combat potential threats. Among these essential players are the TNF cyt

Quick Facts About ObinutuzumabWhat is Obinutuzumab?Obinutuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20, primarily used in treating B-cell malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukem

PD-1 does not switch a T cell off; it moves the threshold. Engagement of PD-1 by PD-L1 recruits a single phosphatase into the immunological synapse, and that one recruitment event is enough to collap

The fight against B cell cancers, a challenging spectrum of hematologic malignancies, has entered a new era with the introduction of rituximab biosimilars. These biosimilars promise to extend the

What You Need to Know About IfabotuzumabWhat is Ifabotuzumab?Ifabotuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting EphA3, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed in certain cancers. It plays

Endocrinology · ImmunologyCortisol and the Immune ResponseCortisol is the body’s primary stress hormone — a glucocorticoid released by the adrenal gland that powerfully shapes the immune system. Actin

Quick Facts About CobolimabWhat is Cobolimab?Cobolimab is a monoclonal antibody that targets TIM-3, a checkpoint protein involved in immune regulation, especially in cancer and autoimmun

What You Need to Know About IscalimabWhat is Iscalimab?Iscalimab (CFZ533) is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD40, a key protein involved in immune system regulation.What is the mechanis

Bone Biology · BiomarkersBone Resorption: Process, Markers & Clinical SignificanceBone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone tissue and release its stored minerals into the bl

IL-8 Overview Interleukin-8 (IL-8), also known as CXCL8, was discovered over 30 years ago as a small molecule that could promote chemotaxis and induce the production

Quick Facts About ZolbetuximabWhat is Zolbetuximab?Zolbetuximab is a monoclonal antibody that targets Claudin 18.2, a protein overexpressed in gastric and pancreatic cancers, enhancing t

Quick Facts About EnavatuzumabWhat is Enavatuzumab?Enavatuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the TWEAK receptor (Fn14), pivotal in tumor growth and immune regulation.What is the me

The innate immune system, a primary line of defense against pathogens, comprises various cellular and molecular mechanisms. Among these, the Nod-like Receptor (NLR) signaling pathways play a criti

PD-L1 in Cancer Immunotherapy: Insights from Recent ResearchRecent advancements in cancer immunotherapy have underscored the critical role of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in mediating immune evas

Harnessing the immune system to fight cancer has become a pivotal strategy in modern oncology. A key component in this fight is CD27, a receptor that plays a crucial role in T-cell activa

Understanding Myeloid Cell Networks in Cancer ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, yet its effectiveness in re-establishing original immune responses post-therapy remains li

Cancer Metabolism is the mechanism by which cancer cells make energy in order for them to grow and spread. Even in the presence of oxygen, cancer cells increase glucose uptake and produce lactate,

Spatial Transcriptomics: Mapping the Future of Medicine at Cellular Resolution Imagine being able to create a detailed map of a city, not just showing the streets and buildings, but also revealing th

IntroductionCancer cells have developed sophisticated mechanisms to evade the immune system, particularly through the inhibition of T-cell responses. One such mechanism involves the progr

Quick Facts About RituximabWhat is Rituximab?Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20, a protein found on the surface of B cells. It plays a crucial role in treating autoimmune

B7-H3, also known as CD276, is a member of the B7 family of immune checkpoint molecules that has emerged as a compelling target in tumor immunotherapy. Initially recognized for its role i

Quick Info Section: Key Facts About MogamulizumabWhat is Mogamulizumab?Mogamulizumab is an anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody used primarily for treating certain cancers, including cutaneous

Introduction to TLR4 and Cancer Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a key component of the innate immune system, primarily responsible for detecting infections and initiating inflammatory resp

T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) is an immune checkpoint receptor that plays a pivotal role in T cell exhaustion, a state where T cells lose their ability to ef

Immunology · Flow CytometryT Cell Immunophenotyping: Markers, Subsets and Panel DesignImmunophenotyping identifies cell populations by the proteins on their surface. For T cells that means resolving n

Introduction to PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in Cancer ImmunotherapyThe PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway has been instrumental in cancer immunotherapy, with PD-1 (programmed death-1) inhibi

The p38 MAPK signaling pathway is an intracellular signaling pathway that plays a crucial role in cellular responses to various stressors and inflammatory stimuli. It is a part of the larger MAPK