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    Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acids(Post)

    Understanding Beta-Oxidation: A Comprehensive Overview Fatty acids provide a highly efficient energy storage mechanism, delivering more energy per gram than common carbohydrates like glu ...

    Deciphering the Intricacies of TGF-Beta Signaling Pathway(Post)

    Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in orchestrating various cellular processes, ranging from embryonic development to tissue homeostasis and immun ...

    PD-1 Blockade in B-Cell Lymphomas: A Comprehensive Overview(Post)

    Understanding PD-1 Blockade in B-Cell Lymphomas Understanding PD-1 Blockade in B-Cell Lymphomas Introduction The programmed cell death prot ...

    Biological Role of GLP-1(Post)

    Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a critical hormone in the regulation of glucose metabolism and has garnered significant attention due to its therapeutic potential in managing diabetes ...

    Volagidemab: A Breakthrough in GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for Metabolic Disorders(Post)

    Quick Facts About VolagidemabWhat is Volagidemab?Volagidemab is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor antagonist designed to regulate glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis.How ...

    PD-1 & PD-L1 Inhibitors(Post)

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    The PD-1 Pathway and Cancer Immunotherapy(Post)

    The initial identification of PD-1 as a potential target for cancer treatment occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s through studies exploring the regulation of T-cell responses ...

    VEGF: Inflammation and Tumourigenesis(Post)

    What is VEGF? Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs) are a group of homodimeric polypeptides, and are master regulators of vascular development, maintenance and ...

    Heterogeneity of Type 1 diabetes in children(Post)

    Ahmad Gazali PhD candidate, University of Eastern Finland Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease where the pancreatic β cells that produce insulin, a key hormone involve ...

    Beyond Burnout: How T Cell Exhaustion Hijacks Cancer Immunity and What We Can Do About It(Post)

    Imagine a highly trained soldier, elite and effective, sent to the front lines of a relentless war. Day after day, they fight without rest, their supplies dwindle, and the enemy never stops coming. E ...

    Anti-PD-1: Restoring T Cell Function in Cancer Immunotherapy(Post)

    Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape for various malignancies. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies is the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, par ...

    Unlocking a New Immune Checkpoint: The CD47-Thrombospondin-1 Pathway in Cancer(Post)

    Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized oncology, offering powerful new ways to treat various malignancies by harnessing the body's own immune system. Central to this success are immune checkpoint in ...

    Interferons(Post)

    Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signalling proteins that are produced and released from cells in response to viral infection and other stimuli such as normal and tumour cell survival and ...

    IL-1 Family Signaling: Unraveling the Molecular Orchestra of Immune Regulation(Post)

    The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) family represents a crucial group of signaling molecules that play a pivotal role in regulating the immune system and inflammatory responses. Comprising 11 members, in ...

    Dual PD-1/PD-L2 Blockade: Expanding the Horizons of Cancer Immunotherapy(Post)

    Introduction to PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in Cancer ImmunotherapyThe PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway has been instrumental in cancer immunotherapy, with PD-1 (programmed death-1) inhib ...

    EGF Family (Post)

    Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is a protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation by binding to its receptor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which triggers ligand-induced ...

    Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) and cancer immunotherapy(Post)

    Explore antigen presentation's crucial role in adaptive immunity and its impact on cancer immunotherapy, highlighting the diversity and function of MHC class I molecules. Key Takeawa ...

    Autophagy alterations in Alzheimer’s disease(Post)

    By Diana-Madalina Stan, PhD student, University of Salford Disease Description Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is ...

    ​TNF alpha & Inflammation(Post)

    Delving into TNF alpha's critical role in inflammation and its therapeutic targeting. Key Takeaways: TNF alpha is a crucial cytokine in inflammation and apoptosis. Its structure facilita ...

    Fenofibrate Usage for Diabetes Damage(Post)

    Fenofibrate, also known as FEN, is a drug that is used to lower cholesterol levels. It works by blocking the absorption of dietary cholesterol in the small intestine and therefore, re ...

    Aducanumab: Mechanism, Clinical Applications, and the Role of Biosimilars in Research(Post)

    Quick Facts About AducanumabWhat is Aducanumab?Aducanumab is a monoclonal antibody designed to target and reduce amyloid-beta plaques in the brain, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease.Wha ...

    TNF cytokines and their Receptors(Post)

    The human body is a complex and intricate system where various components work together to maintain health and combat potential threats. Among these essential players are the TNF cy ...

    BDNF in inflammation and neuropathologies(Post)

    BDNF Overview Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a central mediator of neuroplasticity, a term used to describe the ability of neuron ...

    The role of key Interleukins(Post)

    Interleukin signaling is involved in a number of biological processes, including cell growth and differentiation, inflammation and immunity. Interleukins are glycoproteins which act on hem ...

    Unraveling the Mysteries of Platelet-Activating GPCR Signaling(Post)

    Platelet activation plays a pivotal role in hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding and initiates wound healing. Central to this process is the activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR ...

    Biomarkers & Inflammatory markers of atherosclerosis(Post)

    As atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory disease, there are many influential biomarkers that contribute to the disease’s progression as well as biomarkers from atherosclerosis related d ...

    The Rise of Alpha-Emitting Radiopharmaceuticals: A New Era in Targeted Cancer Therapy(Post)

    Imagine a microscopic sniper, capable of delivering a lethal blow to a single cancer cell while leaving its healthy neighbors virtually untouched. This is the promise of targeted alpha therapy, a re ...

    Metabolic Exhaustion: How Mitochondrial Dysfunction Sabotages CAR-T Cell Therapy in Solid Tumors(Post)

    Imagine engineering a patient's own immune cells into precision-guided missiles against cancer—cells that can seek out and destroy tumors with remarkable specificity. This is the promise of CAR-T cel ...

    How Furin and ACE2 Interact with the Spike on SARS-CoV-2(Post)

    What is the Coronavirus Spike Protein? COVID-19, the newest coronavirus to gain international attention, is caused by severe acute respirato ...

    The Exciting Field of Stem Cell Research(Post)

    What are Stem Cells? Stem cells are primitive, undifferentiated, and unspecialised cells that are found in multicellular organism ...

    Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Insight(Post)

    Alzheimer's disease stands as a formidable challenge in the realm of neurological disorders, characterized by its progressive nature and profound impact on cognitive functions. This article delv ...

    Toll-like Receptor Signalling in Neurodegenerative Disease(Post)

    Toll-Like Receptors The innate immune response has come under the spotlight in recent years due to its central role in propagating the pathoge ...

    Canakinumab: Unraveling Its Role in Inflammatory Disease and Cancer Research(Post)

    Quick Facts About CanakinumabWhat is Canakinumab?Canakinumab is a human monoclonal antibody that targets interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), reducing inflammation associated with various diseas ...

    Macrophage, M1 & M2, Polarization and Function(Post)

    What is a Macrophage? Macrophages are indeed a type of phagocyte, responsible for engulfing and destroying foreign particles and cellular debris. They are larger cells with more cytoplasm a ...

    IL-10 signalling and regulation(Post)

    Explore the complexities of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) signaling and regulation, a crucial aspect in immune response modulation and its dual roles in cancer development and therapy. Key Takeaways ...

    Microtubule and Mitosis review(Post)

    Introduction Microtubules are key components of the cytoskeleton and are composed of alpha and beta tubulin. These dimerise in a head to tail fashion to form 13 linear protofilaments.

    Growth Factors Can Cooperate to Promote Tumorigenesis(Post)

    Introduction Tumorigenesis, the process by which normal cells transform into cancer cells, is a multifaceted and complex event influenced by various internal and external factors. Among th ...

    Interleukin-8 signalling(Post)

    IL-8 Overview Interleukin-8 (IL-8), also known as CXCL8, was discovered over 30 years ago as a small molecule that could promote chemotaxis and induce the production ...

    HMGB1 in inflammation and cancer(Post)

    HMGB1 Functional Overview High mobility group box 1 ( HMGB1), a member of the high-mobility group (HMG) family, was first identified in the thymus in 1973 a ...

    Growth Factors: Key Players in Biological Processes(Post)

    Growth factors play a vital role in the complex web of biological processes, serving as key regulators in various essential events. They exert significant influence over cruc ...

    T Helper Cells: Th1, Th2, Th17 Differences & Functions [2026](Post)

    Complete T Helper Cell Guide: Th1, Th2, Th17 & Functions - Your Ultimate Resource from Assay GenieIn this guide, we will explore the differences between TH1 and TH2 cells, their cruc ...

    Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) - Biomarkers(Post)

    Key Points Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAF ...

    What is an Antigen?(Post)

    Antigen's are foreign molecules recognised by the immune system. Antigens can be protein, carbohydrate, lipid or nucleic acid molecules. Examples include viruses and bacteria as well as f ...

    Physiological and Pathological functions of IL-36(Post)

    By Charlotte O'Donnell PhD Similar to IL-33, IL-36R ligands are involved in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Analogous to IL-33, d is local ...

    Spotlight on Mitochondria(Post)

    Throughout my graduate and postgraduate studies I have been really intrigued and fascinated by the mitochondria, the organelle that keeps all of us running everyday! The more I learn about ...

    Neural Stem Cell Differentiation: Pathways and Lineage-Specific Markers(Post)

    Understanding the differentiation pathways of neural stem cells (NSCs) and the identification of lineage-specific markers is a cornerstone in the field of neurobiology and regenerative medicine.

    Complete T Helper Cell Guide: Th1, Th2, Th17 & Functions(Post)

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    PCR Detection of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)(Post)

    PCR Detection of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Contents Background Assay Information Sample Types   & ...

    Interleukin 12 (IL-12) in COVID-19 Vaccines(Post)

    Interleukin 12 in COVID-19 Prophylactics Interleukin 12 is a cytokine with wide-reaching effects in the innate and adaptive immune system. O ...

    RIPA Buffer Recipe - Cell Lysis | Assay Genie(Post)

    RIPA (Radio Immuno Precipitation Assay) buffer is mostly used when carrying out a western blot or immunoprecipatation assay. A RIPA buffer is used in order to lyse cells and extract protein fr ...

    The role of IFN gamma in inflammation, cancer and autoimmune disease(Post)

    Interferons are key cytokines in the immune system, crucial for combating viral and bacterial infections, with significant roles in both innate and adaptive immunity responses. Key Takeaways ...

    Exosomes - Discovery, Cargo, Biogenesis & Functions(Post)

    by Ryan Wallis, PhD student, QMUL, Blizard Institute The microscopic world of cell biology was first explored by Robert Hooke in the 17th century and published in his work, Microgr ...

    Gram-Negative Bacteria: Examples, Infections & Resistance(Post)

    What is Gram-Negative bacteria? Gram-negative bacteria are a diverse group of microorganisms characterized by their unique cell wall structure. They stain pink or red when subject ...

    CD122: Fine-Tuning T Cell Responses in Immunotherapy(Post)

    Introduction to CD122 in Immunotherapy CD122, also known as the interleukin-2 receptor beta chain (IL-2Rβ), is a critical component of the immune system's response to pathogens and ...

    HERV-K group of endogenous retroviruses and cancer(Post)

    In 2006, upon completion of the Human Genome Project, it was discovered that nearly 8% of the human genome is made up of viral DNA. These viral remnants are composed of ancient germ ...

    Erenumab: Transforming Migraine Prevention Through CGRP Receptor Inhibition(Post)

    Quick Facts About ErenumabWhat is Erenumab?Erenumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody designed to prevent migraines by targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor.

    CD11b: Macrophages and Microglia Marker(Post)

    The immune system plays a critical role in defending the body against pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Within the intricate network of immune cells, CD11b, also known as inte ...

    Physiological Roles for IL-33 | Assay Genie(Post)

    By Charlotte O'Donnell PhD A role for IL-33 in Barrier Function and Epithelial Wound Healing ...

    Cytokine Storms: What happens when the immune system overreacts?(Post)

    Discover the critical role of cytokines as signaling molecules in immune responses, their functions, and the impact of their dysregulation, including cytokine storms. Key Takeaways: C ...

    Apamistamab: Advancing Leukemia Treatment through Targeted Radioimmunotherapy(Post)

    Quick Facts About ApamistamabWhat is Apamistamab?Apamistamab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the CD45 antigen on hematopoietic cells.How does Apamistamab work?When labeled with th ...

    CXCL16 – Review(Post)

    CXCL16 CXCL16, a unique member of the CXC chemokine family, stands at the crossroads of immune modulation and vascular biology. Initially discovered as a che ...

    NLRP3 Inflammasome & Cytokine Secretion(Post)

    Nod-like receptors Nod like receptors (NLRs) are a versatile family of relatively recently discovered intracellular receptors which have a b ...

    Neuroimmunology: The Immune System of the CNS(Post)

    What is Neuroimmunology? Neuroimmunology is a multidisciplinary scientific field dedicated to investigating the intricate and bidirectional interactions between the ...

    A Guide To Tau Proteins & Tauopathies(Post)

    Explore the essential role of Tau proteins in neuronal health and their impact in neurodegenerative diseases, unfolding the complexity behind their functions and dysfunctions. Key Takeaways: ...

    Sensing Danger: The Biology of TLR-Mediated Inflammation(Post)

    By Eoin Mac Réamoinn Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are renowned for their fundamental roles in innate sensing and initiating inflammatory responses. TLR ...

    Hydroxychloroquine: Potential Treatment for COVID-19(Post)

    Hydroxychloroquine: Potential Treatment for COVID-19 What is Hydroxychloroquine? Hydroxychloroquine (HC ...

    Fibroblast Markers(Post)

    Fibroblasts, essential components of connective tissues, play vital roles in maintaining tissue structure and function. Their remarkable ability to produce and organize the extracellular matrix ...

    Vixarelimab: A Novel Approach to Targeting Prurigo Nodularis and Fibrosis(Post)

    Quick Facts About VixarelimabWhat is Vixarelimab?Vixarelimab is an investigational monoclonal antibody developed to target oncostatin M receptor beta (OSMRβ), a key pathway involved in ...

    How do antibodies work?(Post)

    Antibodies are a special class of Y shaped proteins that help guard your body from invading viruses and bacteria. They do this by either neutralizing the dangerous substance ...

    The Role of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2(Post)

    Structure, Function, and Detection Assays for COVID-2019 Background The global spread of the novel co ...

    Colorectal Cancer Review (CRC) - Assay Genie(Post)

    By Charlotte O’Donnell PhD Cancer Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process that develops through epigenetic changes an ...

    The Battle of Antibiotics: Penicillin vs. Streptomycin(Post)

    In the realm of medicine, antibiotics are akin to superheroes, combating bacterial infections with unwavering efficacy. Among these, two stalwarts stand out: penicillin and streptomycin. These ...

    Beta Actin Monoclonal Antibody(Page)

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    Tunel 1-Step Assay Kits(Page)

    1-Step TUNEL Kits Unique 1-Step Non-Toxic Dewaxing Step for Late Stage Apoptosis Detection Explore TUNEL Assays ...

    Chemokines(Page)

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    ELISA Sampler Packs(Page)

    ELISA Sampler Packs Based on thousands of citations and years of scientific endeavour, Assay Genie has developed ELISA Sampler Packs. An ELISA Sampler Pack is a ...

    PharmaGenie ELISA Kits(Page)

    PharmaGenie ELISA Validated According to ISO Quality Systems Highly validated ELISA designed to exceed the needs of biopharma R&D s ...

    Loading Control Antibodies(Page)

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    Co-stimulatory and Co-inhibitory Molecules in Adaptive Immunity The adaptive immune system is in part regulated by a vast array of co-stim ...

    Non-Human Primate Multiplex ELISA Panels(Page)

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    Animal DIY ELISA Kits Maximise your research budget! Animal DIY (Do-It-Yourself) ELISA kits are sets of reagents to develop your very own san ...

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    ELISpot 400x more sensitive than ELISA! Detection & Visualisation at the Single-Cell Level Explore ELISpot ...

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    Transcription Factor Assays Detect Transcription Factors via indirect ELISA methods! Detect transcription factors or study transcription fact ...

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    인터루킨 8 시그널링(Page)

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    RIPA Buffer Recipe(Page)

    What is RIPA Buffer? RIPA (Radio Immuno Precipitation Assay) buffer is primarily used when conducting a western blot or immunoprecipatation assay. A RIPA buffer is used in order to l ...

    Lipid Metabolism Assays(Page)

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    COVID-19 COVID-19, the newest coronavirus to gain international attention, is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The most common abbrev ...

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    What is IHC? Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a valuable tool used for the identification of specific antigens within embedded tissue prepara ...

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    At Assay Genie we've developed a range of Cell Death & Ferroptosis assays for researchers to analyse key steps in the Ferroptosis pathway.

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