3239 results for 'melatonin r1b mt2 mani'

Neuroscience · MicrobiomeUnderstanding the Gut-Brain AxisThe gut-brain axis is the dynamic, bidirectional communication system that links the gastrointestinal tract with the central nervous system. Th

Techniques · Molecular CloningGuide to Bacterial Transformation: The Science of Genetic ManipulationBacterial transformation is the process by which bacteria take up foreign DNA — usually a plasmid —

What is the blood-brain barrier? The Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a system of vessels that acts as a structural and chemical barrier between the brain and the rest of the body's circula

Biochemistry · Protein Guide Amino Acids: Types, Functions, Structure & Essential Guide The 20 standard amino acids are the building blocks of

Imagine a future where the devastating impact of a stroke could be significantly mitigated, not just by managing symptoms, but by directly repairing the cellular machinery damaged during the event. T

Mycoprotein is an alternative source of protein that can be used in place of meat. It is made from a fungi called Fusarium venenatum, and is consumed by vegetarians and vegans as a meat sub

Neuroscience · Glial CellsOligodendrocytes: Myelination, Lineage Markers and DiseaseOligodendrocytes are the myelinating glia of the central nervous system. A single oligodendrocyte can wrap segments

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Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in the world today. Antibiotics are becoming less and less effective as bacteria evolve to resist them. This poses a serious threat to huma

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Hepatic Function Assays Liver function assays are a suite of tests designed to assess the health and efficacy of our vital

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Before I even started my PhD I was already thinking about carrying out PostDoc in a foreign country and had my sights set on going to the US. I had previously carried out a degree in Genetics

Pyroptosis is an immunogenic form of cell death, meaning that it triggers an immune response. This makes pyroptosis a potentially promising target for immunotherapies that aim to boo

Novel Gene Therapies for Cystic Fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive, life-limiting disease resulting from gene mutations that encode the cystic fibr

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Understanding the Bcl-2 Pathway: Implications for Cancer Therapy The Bcl-2 family of proteins plays a pivotal role in regulating apoptosis, a crucial process for maintaining cellular

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Endocrinology · ImmunologyCortisol and the Immune ResponseCortisol is the body’s primary stress hormone — a glucocorticoid released by the adrenal gland that powerfully shapes the immune system. Actin

Quick Facts About LacnotuzumabWhat is Lacnotuzumab?Lacnotuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, a protein that helps cancer cells evade immune system destruction.What is the mec

As a PhD student delving deep into the realm of cellular biology, there is one antagonist that consistently challenges my research: mycoplasma. This microscopic bacterium, with its a

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Cell Culture · ProtocolsPassaging Hybridoma Cells: A Detailed GuideHybridomas are productive but temperamental. They grow in suspension, are sensitive to shear and to overgrowth, and — the problem tha

Imagine a future where cancer cells, once masters of disguise, are forced to reveal themselves and even train the body's immune system to fight back. This isn't science fiction; it's the groundbreaki

What You Need to Know About CodrituzumabWhat is Codrituzumab?Codrituzumab is an investigational monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, an immune checkpoint that regulates immune responses i

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Imagine a battlefield where the enemy doesn't just hide from soldiers—it actively sabotages their weapons. In the tumor microenvironment, cancer cells have evolved a devious strategy: they transfer th

Targeting USP22: A New Approach to Enhance Anticancer Immunity Introduction In the ever-evolving landscape of cancer research, the intricate relationship between immune e

Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal in the immune system, orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses. Understanding their developmental lineage pathway is crucial in immunology, particularly

Written by Seán Mac Fhearraigh, PhD  •  Updated: 19 May 2026  •  ~9 min read Quick Answer The five main types of ELISA are sandwich, competitive, direct, indirect and multiplex. Sandwich ELISA is

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PhD Interview Presentation Dos and Don’ts It is becoming increasingly common for master's and undergraduate students to present data they produced during their resea

What is pharmacogenomics Pharmacogenomics is how DNA variation and drugs interact and how this can optimise patient health; this involves studying pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

Quick Facts About ErenumabWhat is Erenumab?Erenumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody designed to prevent migraines by targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor. ​

As atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory disease, there are many influential biomarkers that contribute to the disease’s progression as well as biomarkers from atherosclerosis related di

Molecular Biology · Gene SilencingWhat is RNAi? A Complete Guide to RNA InterferenceRNA interference (RNAi) is a conserved biological process in which small double-stranded RNA molecules silence gene

The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918-1919 was the deadliest in history. It is estimated that up to 100 million people died from the virus, which is more than three times the number who d

CXCL16 CXCL16, a unique member of the CXC chemokine family, stands at the crossroads of immune modulation and vascular biology. Initially discovered as a chem

Quick Facts About AlemtuzumabWhat is Alemtuzumab?Alemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD52, primarily used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and certain cancers like

Quick Facts About AvizakimabWhat is Avizakimab?Avizakimab is a monoclonal antibody designed to target the CD47 protein, a key checkpoint in immune regulation, particularly in cancer ther

One of the greatest challenges in cancer therapy is how tumors evade immune detection. Among the mechanisms cancer cells exploit, the CD47 pathway has emerged as a major player in helping

Quick Facts About BococizumabWhat is Bococizumab?Bococizumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets PCSK9, a protein involved in cholesterol regulation.How Does Bococizumab Work?It inhibi

Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative haematopoietic malignancy, characterised by a karyotypic abnormality present in more than 95% of cases known as the Philadelph

Introduction to IL-10R and Immune Suppression in CancerThe interleukin-10 receptor (IL-10R) is a key player in regulating immune responses, particularly in suppressing inflammation and ma

Immunology · NeuroscienceHistamine Receptors: H1, H2, H3 & H4 ExplainedHistamine receptors are the G protein-coupled receptors through which histamine controls allergy, gastric acid secretion, neurotr

What You Need to Know About DupilumabWhat is Dupilumab?Dupilumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody designed to treat various chronic inflammatory diseases by inhibiting key cytokines

Quick Facts About UliledlimabWhat is Uliledlimab?Uliledlimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, a checkpoint protein that helps tumors evade immune system detection. By blocking CD

Key Facts About SacituzumabWhat is Sacituzumab?Sacituzumab is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that targets the tumor-associated antigen Trop-2, used to treat various cancers, including

Microbiology · ProbioticsLactobacilli: Structure, Metabolism, Identification and Probiotic UseLactobacilli are lactic acid bacteria found in fermented foods and across the human gastrointestinal, oral

Quick Facts About LirilumabWhat is Lirilumab?Lirilumab is an anti-KIR monoclonal antibody designed to enhance natural killer (NK) cell activity by blocking killer-cell immunoglobulin-lik

Cancer cells are adept at avoiding destruction by the immune system, often exploiting specific pathways to escape detection and elimination. One of these key mechanisms involves the SIRPα

Molecular Biology · Techniques Guide Types of PCR – 7 Methods, Principles & Applications PCR stands as a cornerstone in molecular biology, ena

Quick Info Section: Key Facts About PlozalizumabWhat is Plozalizumab?Plozalizumab is an investigational monoclonal antibody that targets CD47, a key immune checkpoint in cancer cells. By

Quick Facts About SecukinumabWhat is SecukinumabSecukinumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets interleukin-17A (IL-17A), a key cytokine involved in inflammatory and autoimmune respons

If you've ever had a urinary tract infection, you know all about bacteria. These tiny organisms can invade your body and cause all sorts of problems. But what you may not know is tha

Quick Facts About RosopatamabWhat is Rosopatamab?Rosopatamab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, a critical immune checkpoint that helps cancer cells evade immune detection. By bloc

Understanding Zonulin: Key Regulator of Intestinal Barrier Function Zonulin is a crucial physiological modulator of intercellular tight junctions, playing a significant role in regulating intestinal

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Metabolism · Biochemistry Guide Cellular Respiration: Stages, ATP Production & Pathway Guide How cells convert glucose and oxygen into ATP acr