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The prevalence of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders has risen dramatically in recent decades, presenting a significant global health challenge. Adipose tissue, once considered mere

Immunology Guide 5 Types of Immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD & IgE The five antibody classes that drive immune defence — their structure, fun

Imagine a battlefield where the enemy doesn't just hide from soldiers—it actively sabotages their weapons. In the tumor microenvironment, cancer cells have evolved a devious strategy: they transfer th

What is pharmacogenomics Pharmacogenomics is how DNA variation and drugs interact and how this can optimise patient health; this involves studying pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

What You Need to Know About IpilimumabWhat is Ipilimumab?Ipilimumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets CTLA-4, a protein involved in downregulating the immune system, to boost the bod

For decades, the fight against cancer has been a story of incremental gains. But what if we could fundamentally shift the battlefield, turning the body's own immune system into a precision-guided weap

Interleukin-21 (IL-21) stands out as a pivotal cytokine in the complex network of immune system communication. Its role in regulating various immune cell types has drawn considerable attention

The fight against B cell cancers, a challenging spectrum of hematologic malignancies, has entered a new era with the introduction of rituximab biosimilars. These biosimilars promise to extend the

Key Facts About GemtuzumabWhat is Gemtuzumab?Gemtuzumab is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting CD33, a protein expressed on the surface of myeloid cells. It is widely recognized f

Over the past few years I have traversed through academia in a few different guises, first as a PhD student for about 5 years, then onto the traditional route of a post-doc, followed by a sales

In the dynamic landscape of biomedical research, organoids have emerged as a groundbreaking tool, offering three-dimensional (3D) models that mimic the complex architecture and functionality of hu

In recent years, the field of oncology has witnessed a paradigm shift with the advent of immunotherapy, a treatment modality that harnesses the body's immune system to combat cancer. Among the mos

Quick Facts About UtomilumabWhat is Utomilumab?Utomilumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting 4-1BB (CD137), a co-stimulatory receptor on T-cells, designed to enhance anti-tumor immunity.

Quick Facts About EnokizumabWhat is Enokizumab?Enokizumab is a monoclonal antibody designed to target interleukin-9 (IL-9), a cytokine involved in inflammatory responses. It has been stu

In the relentless fight against cancer, immunotherapy has emerged as a beacon of hope, harnessing the body's own defenses to combat malignant cells. Yet, predicting which patients will respond to the

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor and JAK-STAT Signalling Pathway Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a cytokine that belongs to the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines. Other members of

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects the motor system, leading to a wide array of symptoms ranging from tremors and stiffness to bradykinesia (slo

Recent advances in immunotherapy have highlighted the importance of targeting immune checkpoints to enhance the immune system’s ability to combat cancer. A new potential target in this gr

In the intricate landscape of the brain, cells constantly communicate, sending and receiving messages that govern our thoughts, memories, and movements. For decades, scientists believed this communica

What is VEGF? Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs) are a group of homodimeric polypeptides, and are master regulators of vascular development, maintenance and a