10361 results for 'pro-inflammatory'

What is a Plasma Membrane? The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, is a vital component of all cells. It is a thin, semi-permeable barrier that separate

For years, our understanding of cancer focused primarily on the tumor cells themselves and the immune system's response. However, a groundbreaking wave of research is revealing a startling truth: ner

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Imagine engineering a patient's own immune cells into precision-guided missiles against cancer—cells that can seek out and destroy tumors with remarkable specificity. This is the promise of CAR-T cell

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a fundamental process that plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of healthy tissues. Central to this process are caspases, a family of cy

In the intricate landscape of the brain, cells constantly communicate, sending and receiving messages that govern our thoughts, memories, and movements. For decades, scientists believed this communica

Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal in the immune system, orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses. Understanding their developmental lineage pathway is crucial in immunology, particularly

What You Need to Know About InebilizumabWhat is Inebilizumab?Inebilizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets CD19, a protein expressed on B cells, to treat autoimmune diseas

Cell Signalling · CytokinesJAK-STAT Signalling: Mechanism, Regulation and InhibitorsJAK-STAT is the shortest route from a cytokine outside the cell to a change in gene transcription — receptor engagem

Quick Facts About AlemtuzumabWhat is Alemtuzumab?Alemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD52, primarily used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and certain cancers like

The orchestration of angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels form from pre-existing ones, is a complex symphony regulated by various molecular players. At the forefront of this int

Quick answer A competitive ELISA is running correctly when the blank (zero standard) gives the highest OD, the standard curve drops smoothly with rising concentration, and your samples land in the

Millions of people are afflicted with cancer each year. 2016 statistics for the USA alone show over half a million deaths attributed to cancer 1. We have come a long way from our early underst

References Key Points Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures are artificially-created environments in which cells are permitted to grow or interact with their surroundings in a 3D fa

SARS-CoV-2 Background COVID-19 is characterised by a series of biological markers. In some instances, these biomarkers can be used as potenti

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Quick Facts About IanalumabWhat is Ianalumab?Ianalumab is a monoclonal antibody currently being investigated for its potential in treating autoimmune diseases, particularly lupus and imm

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA) is a pivotal signaling protein involved in both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, processes essential for the formation of blood vessels during embryoni

Cell Death · BiomarkersCleaved Caspase-3: Activation, Function and Detection in ApoptosisCaspase-3 sits at the point where apoptotic signalling becomes irreversible. It is made as an inactive proenzym

Quick Facts About AducanumabWhat is Aducanumab?Aducanumab is a monoclonal antibody designed to target and reduce amyloid-beta plaques in the brain, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease.What

The IgA test, also known as immunoglobulin A test, is a diagnostic tool used to measure the levels of IgA antibodies in the blood. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a type of antibody that plays a cruc

For decades, the fight against cancer has been a grueling battle of attrition, with treatments often as harsh as the disease itself. But a revolutionary approach, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cel

For years, the success of CAR-T cell therapy has been a beacon of hope in the fight against blood cancers, offering remarkable remissions where other treatments have failed. Yet, solid tumors—the form

Mitophagy, a term derived from the fusion of "mitochondria" and "autophagy," represents a vital cellular process responsible for the targeted degradation and recycling of dysfunctional mitochon

Ahmad Gazali PhD candidate, University of Eastern Finland Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease where the pancreatic β cells that produce insulin, a key hormone involved in t

If you've ever had a urinary tract infection, you know all about bacteria. These tiny organisms can invade your body and cause all sorts of problems. But what you may not know is tha

Introduction Cellular senescence is a fascinating phenomenon that plays a crucial role in the aging process and various age-related diseases. It is essential to explore the cellular

Oligodendrocytes are pivotal CNS cells, integral for myelin formation and nerve function, with implications in various neurological disorders. Key Takeaways Oligodendrocytes are specia

Novel Gene Therapies for Cystic Fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive, life-limiting disease resulting from gene mutations that encode the cystic fibr

Introduction to CD122 in Immunotherapy CD122, also known as the interleukin-2 receptor beta chain (IL-2Rβ), is a critical component of the immune system's response to pathogens and malign

What You Need to Know About MilatuzumabWhat is Milatuzumab?Milatuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD74, a molecule involved in antigen presentation and cell signaling.W

Introduction to CD39 and Cancer Immunosuppression CD39 is an ectonucleotidase enzyme that plays a crucial role in generating adenosine, a powerful immunosuppressive molecule within the tu

Introduction to CD73 and Tumor Immunosuppression CD73, also known as ecto-5'-nucleotidase, is an enzyme found on the surface of various cells, including tumor cells and immune cells. It p

Quick Facts About BevacizumabWhat is Bevacizumab?Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inhibiting angiogenesis (the formation of ne

Quick Facts About IcrucumabWhat is Icrucumab?Icrucumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) to inhibit tumor angiogenesis.How Doe

Biochemistry · Protein Guide Amino Acids: Types, Functions, Structure & Essential Guide The 20 standard amino acids are the building blocks of

Quick Facts About TigatuzumabWhat is Tigatuzumab?Tigatuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the death receptor 5 (DR5) pathway, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells.What is the mech

Immunotherapy has become a central pillar in the fight against cancer, with a focus on enhancing the body’s natural defenses. Among the molecules at the forefront of immunotherapeutic res

Spatial Transcriptomics: Mapping the Future of Medicine at Cellular Resolution Imagine being able to create a detailed map of a city, not just showing the streets and buildings, but also revealing th

By Diana-Madalina Stan, PhD student, University of Salford Disease Description Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a neu

Introduction to PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in Cancer ImmunotherapyThe PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway has been instrumental in cancer immunotherapy, with PD-1 (programmed death-1) inhibi

Neuroscience · Myelin BiologyA Quick Guide to MyelinMyelin is the lipid-rich insulating sheath wrapped around nerve axons. Made by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in t

By Francisco Algaba Chueco In this post we discuss a topic that everyone will have heard of. Let’s talk about migraines, a disorder that hides a huge physiol

Clinical · Immunology Guide IgA Test: Normal Ranges, Results & What They Mean [2026] What the immunoglobulin A blood test measures, how result

Neuroscience · Glial CellsOligodendrocytes: Myelination, Lineage Markers and DiseaseOligodendrocytes are the myelinating glia of the central nervous system. A single oligodendrocyte can wrap segments

Immunology · Cell IsolationPeripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs): Composition, Isolation and UseMononuclear cells are the leukocytes with a single, unlobed nucleus — lymphocytes and monocytes. Is

Immunology · Myeloid CellsGranulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils and BasophilsGranulocytes are the leukocytes with cytoplasmic granules and lobed nuclei — neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. They

Introduction Microtubules are key components of the cytoskeleton and are composed of alpha and beta tubulin. These dimerise in a head to tail fashion to form 13 linear protofilaments.

Microbiology · ProbioticsLactobacilli: Structure, Metabolism, Identification and Probiotic UseLactobacilli are lactic acid bacteria found in fermented foods and across the human gastrointestinal, oral

Immunology · Antigen PresentationDendritic Cells: Markers, Activation and SubtypesDendritic cells are the professional antigen-presenting cells that decide whether an immune response happens at all. T

Haematology · HaemostasisPlatelets: Formation, Structure, Activation and Clinical SignificancePlatelets are anucleate fragments shed from megakaryocytes, and they carry out primary haemostasis — adher

Immunology · Innate LymphocytesNatural Killer Cells: Receptors, Subsets and FunctionNK cells kill without prior sensitisation and without antigen-specific receptors, using a balance of activating and

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