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Alternative Complement Pathway: Activation, Regulation, and Significance(Post)
Immunology · Complement SystemThe Alternative Complement PathwayThe alternative pathway is one of three routes that activate complement — an antibody-independent, always-on surveillance system d
The Environmental Shift: How Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss are Driving the Hantavirus Surge(Post)The year 2026 has brought an unsettling spotlight onto an old adversary: Hantavirus. What began as isolated cases has rapidly escalated into a multi-country surge, leaving scientists and public healt
Protease vs Peptidase: Understanding Enzymatic Digestion(Post)Enzymology · Protein DegradationProtease vs Peptidase: Understanding the DifferenceProteases and peptidases are the enzymes that cleave peptide bonds — breaking proteins down into peptides and peptide
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)(Post)Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a complex enzyme involved in the conversion of pyruvate, a product of glycolysis, into acetyl-CoA, a crucial molecule in energy production and intermediary
Gut Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases (Post)What is Gut Inflammation? The gut, or gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a long tube that starts from the mouth and extends to the anus. It includes various organs such
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) via Droplets and Aerosols (Post)Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) via Droplets and Aerosols What is COVID-19? COVID-19, the disea
Data Science for Immunologists | Assay Genie(Post)By Dr. Niclas Thomas “Data science” is a recent addition to the vocabulary of analytics, and can mean many different things to different people. As far as
The Research Pulse 2026: Where Biology Is Heading, According to PubMed and 300,000 Researcher Visits(Post)Research Pulse · Data study Where biology is heading: what PubMed and 300,000 researcher visits reveal We compared five years of PubMed publication counts with two years of researcher visits to Assa
ELISA Troubleshooting: A Low Standard Curve and Samples Reading Off-Scale(Post)Quick answer On the Periaxin (PRX) ELISA, a researcher found every serum sample reading above the top standard — optical density (OD) around 2.8–3.0 at 450 nm, well beyond the highest
Personalized Vaccines in Cancer Treatment: The Future of Immunotherapy(Post)What Are Personalized Cancer Vaccines? Personalized cancer vaccines are a cutting-edge approach in cancer treatment that are designed to activate a patient's immune sy
Promising COVID-19 Therapeutics(Post)SARS-CoV-2, the causative viral agent of the novel coronavirus disease COVID-19, has sparked a global effort for creating prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. The following
NLRP3 Inflammasome and Pyroptosis: Pathway, Function and Assays(Post)The inflammasome is one of the few innate pathways that destroys the cell it activates. A macrophage that assembles NLRP3 has committed to a decision it cannot reverse: a priming signal through TLR4
The Role of Tumor Suppressor Genes in Cancer: Knudson Hypothesis & Oncogenes(Post)Cancer Biology · GeneticsTumour Suppressor Genes: Roles, Examples & CancerTumour suppressor genes are the brakes on cell growth — they restrain proliferation, repair damaged DNA and trigger apoptosis
Types of ELISA: Direct, Indirect, Sandwich & Competitive Compared(Post)Written by Seán Mac Fhearraigh, PhD • Updated: 19 May 2026 • ~9 min read Quick Answer The five main types of ELISA are sandwich, competitive, direct, indirect and multiplex. Sandwich ELISA is
Cytokine neutralisation network(Page) T-Cell Co-Stimulation & Agonist Checkpoint Pathway(Page) Regulatory T-cell (Treg) suppression & the IL-2 axis(Page) Oxidative Stress: Causes, Biomarkers & Disease(Post)Oxidative Stress Definition Oxidative stress is a condition that results when the body produces or consumes more reactive oxygen species (ROS) than it can neutraliz
microbiota & immune system signaling | Assay Genie(Post)You are only part human. In some ways, you are as much bacteria as you are mammal, and in some ways bacteria make up far more of you than your own familiar cells and genes! It is becoming
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) (Post)What is Hepatocyte Growth Factor? Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a cytokine that is mainly produced by the liver. HGF is a pleiotrophic cytokine that regulates cell growth, motilit