Dengue Fever Antibodies, Proteins & ELISA Kits

Dengue fever is an illness due to an infection with the Dengue virus (DENV). DENV are a subset of single-stranded, enveloped, positive-sense RNA viruses that belong to the Flaviviridae family, which also includes Yellow Fever, Zika Virus, West Nile Virus and Japanese Encephalitis. There are four different serotypes of DENV (DENV-1, -2, -3, -4).

DENV is primarily transmitted by Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the latter is the same species responsible for infection with yellow fever. Dengue fever leads to a variable clinical presentation and can be anything from asymptomatic to life threatening. It has been found that dengue fever is most likely to be asymptomatic in children. DENV infection can cause dengue shock syndrome (DSS) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Dengvaxia® (CYD-TDV) is the first dengue vaccine to be licensed and is now licensed in 20 countries.  

Surface receptors that bind to host cells are prime examples of virulence factors. The Dengue virus uses DC-SIGN and human mannose-binding receptor (MR) as primary receptors on macrophages. In addition, CLEC5A acts as a signaling receptor which functions to sense dengue viral invasion and thereafter, signals to and stimulates macrophages to secrete cytokines.

Various proteins including the previously mentioned mannose receptor, HSP90/70, GRP78 and laminin, have been previously reported as suspected host targets for the cellular entry of dengue virus. A more recent study has demonstrated that the TIM family of receptors plays an important role in mediating cellular entry of the virus.

Past studies have identified CHI3L1, IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP), Angptl3, and sEng, as potential biomarkers for dengue infection.

CHI3L1 plays a key role in the modulation of inflammatory responses. Increased levels of CHI3L1 are associated with a dysregulated inflammatory response in dengue infection as well as in cases of pneumonia and malaria.

In addition to modulating immune responses, endoglin(Eng) functions to regulate vascular tone and permeability. Increased sEng levels have been identified in a variety of conditions associated with vascular dysfunction including preeclampsia and malaria.

IL-18 has been associated with resistance to dengue infection in mouse models. IL-18BP binds to and neutralizes IL-18. In addition, this cytokine has also been associated with disease severity in humans.

Angptl3 functions in the regulation of lipid metabolism and angiogenesis.

DENV infection immunopathogenesis involves the release of cytokines including IL-1B, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-18, MIF, TGF-B, TNF, and IFNs, and the chemokine, IL-8. The pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) associated with DENV recognition are RIG-I, MDA5, TLR3 and TLR7. These receptors are activated upon recognition of DENV resulting in the induction of type I IFN responses. Phosphorylating IFN regulatory factors (IRFs) enter the nucleus to induce type I IFN production.

• Measure up to 24 analytes by Flow Cytometry
• Only 15μL of sample required
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Immunometabolism plays a key role in health and disease. It describes the changes that occur within the intracellular metabolic pathways of immune cells during activation.

DENV functions in the activation of the glycolytic pathway. As a result, inhibition of glycolysis subsequently blocks the production of DENV infection. The promotion of autophagy in DENV-infected cells increases glucose uptake, transportation and glycolysis. Upon activation of autophagy in DENV infection, an increase in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids has been noted in mammalian cells. Significant changes in the expression of genes involved with lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and lipogenesis have been noted in response to DENV infection.

Assay Genie provides Glycolysis, Glucose Uptake and Fatty Acid Oxidation immunometabolism assay kits that would support Dengue Fever research.

The best studied and most widely used animal models for Dengue Fever research are the non-human primate and the mouse model.

Epidemic DENV does not naturally infect non-human species, thus, the development of animal models of DENV has proven difficult. NHP models are capable of sustaining viral replication in various cell types and thus, develop a robust immune response. DENV mouse models are limited in relation to immune response and thus, are not applicable to all serotypes. The Yucatan miniature swine model is an attractive animal model for DENV as they possess immunological and physiological responses that are similar to humans.

Assay Genie offers a wide range of animal model ELISA kits with the potential to support the advancing field of Dengue Fever research.