Ebola Antibodies, Proteins & ELISA Kits

Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a rare, deadly disease causing severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. EVD is caused by an infection with a group of viruses of the Filoviridae family within the genus Ebolavirus. In humans, case fatality rates range from 25-90% of people affected. The viruses causing EVD are located mainly on the African continent.

The Ebola virus (EBOV) genome consists of seven genes which encode for: the nucleoprotein (NP), virion protein 24 (VP24), VP30, VP35, VP40, the glycoprotein (GP), and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L). There are five species of EBOV: Zaire, Sudan, Taï Forest, Bundibugyo, and Reston. Reston virus can only cause disease in nonhuman primates and pigs whereas the remaining four species cause disease in humans. The Ebola vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV or Ervebo® has been approved for treatment against the Zaire ebolavirus species of ebolavirus.

Of all Ebola virus proteins, VP35 and GP are considered two of the main virulence factors.

VP35, an IFN antagonist, functions to inhibit host type I IFN induction. In addition, this protein also inhibits the phosphorylation of protein kinase R (PKR). PKR mediates cellular antiviral responses. Mutations interfering with VP35’s function result in the attenuation of virulence in non-human primates.

The viral GP is responsible for cell surface receptor binding of the Ebola virus. In addition, the GP interacts with TLR4 enabling the activation of pro-inflammatory responses via the NF-KB pathway.

Lectins, TAM receptor tyrosine kinases (Tyro3, Axl, Mer), TIM proteins, Integrins and NCP1 promote EBOV entry into specific cellular systems. Mer, Integrin AV and NPC1 expression is necessary for GP-mediated transduction and viral infection of macrophages.

These EBOV-related host cell factors provide potential targets for antiviral intervention.

Ferritin is an intracellular protein that stores iron. Increased levels of this protein are noted in times of stress or inflammation. In patients with Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (EHF), ferritin levels were elevated in those who had fatal outcomes, hemorrhagic manifestations, and detectable viremia. As a result, ferritin acts as a potential clinical marker of EHF severity.

Serum CD40L (sCD40L) is primarily produced by activated platelets. Increased levels of sCD40L have been associated with nonfatal outcomes in cases of EBOV. These elevated levels could be representative of ongoing repair of the endothelium by activated platelets.

Thrombomodulin (TM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that functions as a marker of endothelial activation and dysfunction. TM is released by activated endothelium. This protein functions as an anticoagulant. TM levels were found to be increased in EBOV patients with fatal outcomes as well as in patients with hemorrhagic manifestations.

Elevated levels of IL-1B, IL-6, IL-10, IL-15, IL-16, IFN-Alpha, IFN-Beta, IFN-Gamma, TNF-Alpha, MIF, MIP-1 Alpha, MIP-1 Beta and IP-10 are demonstrated in EVD cases.

• Measure up to 24 analytes by Flow Cytometry
• Only 15μL of sample required
• Pre-mixed panels for Human, Mouse, Rat & Non-Human Primate
• Create your own custom panel

The best studied and most widely used animal models for EBOV research are the non-human primate and the mouse model. The preferred models for research relating to EBOV pathogenesis, therapeutics or vaccines, are the cynomolgus and the rhesus macaque. In addition, hamster and guinea pig models have also been recently implemented for research into the characterization of EBOV.

Assay Genie offers a wide range of animal model ELISA kits with the potential to support the advancing field of EBOV research.