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IL-10 Overview Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a 17-20 kDa homodimeric glycoprotein, is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that was originally identified in T helper 2 (Th2) cells and later discovered to be expressed by almost all immune cells, including T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and granulocytes, and also by epithelial cells (Sabat et al, 2010; Jung et al, 2004). IL-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory mediator, and has an essential role in prev …

Finding jobs that align with graduate education provides a range of options from junior positions to internships. However, once students carry on to gain a PhD their perceived possibilities of gaining a job that is outside of the academic market decreases. After 3-5 extra years in further education you would expect that post-graduate students would see a broader spectrum of job possibilities on the market. However, this is not the case with many PhDs and Post-Docs having tunnel visions …

Since I am from Ireland I thought I would give as comprehensive view as possible for Research Universities in Ireland. By now you are probably considering looking for a PhD or PostDoc position in Ireland which is a great start. Known as the Land of the scholars,there are 10 international standard Research Universities in Ireland and colleges that focus on a range of life science, chemistry, physics and engineering research. Research Universities in Ireland …

Programmed cell death plays an essential role in tissue remodelling during embryonic development and in the removal of damaged cells to ensure homeostasis of whole organisms. There are two main types of cell death, with distinct morphological and molecular features. Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) Apoptosis, from the Greek meaning falling off, was introduced as a concept in its modern sense by Kerr in 1972 (Kerr et al., 1972), and it has since bee …

In 2006, upon completion of the Human Genome Project, it was discovered that nearly 8% of the human genome is made up of viral DNA. These viral remnants are composed of ancient germline infections known as human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) which are passed on to future generations in a Mendelian fashion1–4. Although these viral elements were previously thought to be ‘junk DNA’ or DNA with no functions in the body, research has slowly been emerging over the years …