10730 results for 'Complement Factor H-related 4/CFHR4'

IntroductionCancer cells have developed sophisticated mechanisms to evade the immune system, particularly through the inhibition of T-cell responses. One such mechanism involves the prog ...

As hantavirus cases continue to rise globally, the question becomes not just how to detect infections, but how to prevent them in the first place. Recent epidemiological investigations across Califo ...

Quick Facts About IcrucumabWhat is Icrucumab?Icrucumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) to inhibit tumor angiogenesis.How Do ...

Protein kinase B or AKT (PKB) is a serine/threonine kinase. In mammals it is comprised of 3 highly homologous isoforms PKBα (Akt1), PKBβ (Akt2), and PKBγ (Akt3) (Manning and Cantley 2007). AKT ...

Quick Facts About UlocuplumabWhat is Ulocuplumab?Ulocuplumab is an investigational monoclonal antibody targeting CXCR4, a chemokine receptor involved in tumor progression and immune cel ...

In 2006, upon completion of the Human Genome Project, it was discovered that nearly 8% of the human genome is made up of viral DNA. These viral remnants are composed of ancient germ ...

Quick Facts About CobolimabWhat is Cobolimab?Cobolimab is a monoclonal antibody that targets TIM-3, a checkpoint protein involved in immune regulation, especially in cancer and autoimmu ...

Bacterial transformation, a cornerstone of genetic manipulation, enables DNA insertion into bacterial cells, crucial for advances in vaccine development, drug discovery, and biotechno ...

Quick Facts About GirentuximabWhat is Girentuximab?Girentuximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), predominantly expressed in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) ce ...

Introduction to CD155 in Cancer ImmunotherapyCD155, also known as Poliovirus Receptor (PVR), is a transmembrane protein that plays a pivotal role in tumor immune evasion. While CD155 is ...

What are Autoimmune Diseases? Autoimmune diseases are a diverse group of disorders where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells, tissues, and organ ...

Understanding the differentiation pathways of neural stem cells (NSCs) and the identification of lineage-specific markers is a cornerstone in the field of neurobiology and regenerative medicine.

The innate immune system, a primary line of defense against pathogens, comprises various cellular and molecular mechanisms. Among these, the Nod-like Receptor (NLR) signaling pathways play a crit ...

The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway is a pivotal signaling cascade that plays a crucial role in mediating cellular responses to various external stimuli. This pathway is intricate ...

By Natalia Siomava, PhD Cretinism is a severe medical condition of intellectual disability caused by the deficiency of thyroid hormone (congenital hypothyro ...

By Ciara Coleman PhD General Introduction Coeliac Disease (CD) is defined as a common, chronic inflammatory di ...

Interleukin-9 (IL-9) plays a critical role in the immune system, influencing a variety of biological functions across different immune cell types. This article provides an in-depth look at the si ...

Written by Seán Mac Fhearraigh, PhD  •  Updated: 19 May 2026  •  ~9 min read Quick Answer The five main types of ELISA are sandwich, competitive, direct, indirect and multiple ...

Quick Facts About AtezolizumabWhat is Atezolizumab?Atezolizumab is an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody used in immunotherapy to treat various cancers by enhancing the immune system's abil ...

What is Xeroderma Pigmentosum? Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) also known De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the skin, eyes and central nervous system. It is c ...

The p38 MAPK signaling pathway is an intracellular signaling pathway that plays a crucial role in cellular responses to various stressors and inflammatory stimuli. It is a part of the larger MAPK ...

Quick Facts About ObinutuzumabWhat is Obinutuzumab?Obinutuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20, primarily used in treating B-cell malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leuke ...

By Sonika Singh PhD candidate, University of Nottingham A Devastating Disease Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and inflammatory disease ba ...

Delving into the intricate world of Mitotic Catastrophe, this blog unveils its critical role in cell division and cancer therapy, offering insights into its mechanisms and potential treatments ...

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized treatment options, offering strategies to harness the immune system to target and destroy tumors. One emerging area of interest is the use of OX40 ...

Introduction to IL-10R and Immune Suppression in CancerThe interleukin-10 receptor (IL-10R) is a key player in regulating immune responses, particularly in suppressing inflammation and m ...

Introduction to CD73 and Tumor Immunosuppression CD73, also known as ecto-5'-nucleotidase, is an enzyme found on the surface of various cells, including tumor cells and immune cells ...

In the intricate landscape of the brain, cells constantly communicate, sending and receiving messages that govern our thoughts, memories, and movements. For decades, scientists believed this communic ...

What is Necrosis? Necrosis is a pathological process characterized by the death of cells or tissues within a living organism. It occurs as a result of various factors, including injury, inf ...

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) were first discovered in the 1960s by Dr.Marshall Urist, an orthopaedic surgeon at UCLA (Urist 1965). BMPs are classically associated with their roles in limb ...

Quick Facts About AbituzumabWhat is Abituzumab?Abituzumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets αv-integrins, playing a role in cancer treatment and fibrotic diseases.What is the mechan ...

Horseshoe crabs, often referred to as "living fossils," are invaluable to modern medicine due to their unique blue blood. This blood is the source of Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL), a su ...

Melanoma is an aggressive type of skin cancer that originates in melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin, which gives skin its color. Although it is less common than oth ...

Autophagy, a fundamental cellular process, plays an indispensable role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and ensuring the efficient recycling of cellular components. Through this ...

p53, encoded by the TP53 gene on chromosome 17, is a fundamental protein safeguarding against tumor formation. It orchestrates cellular responses to DNA damage and stress, crucially managing cell ...

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) stands as a critical tool in the realm of biomedical research and diagnostic practices, offering a bridge between molecular insights and the intricate visualization of ...

For decades, immunologists believed that only adaptive immunity—the sophisticated system of T cells and B cells—could form lasting memories of past infections. The innate immune system, our body's fi ...

What is Gram-Negative bacteria? Gram-negative bacteria are a diverse group of microorganisms characterized by their unique cell wall structure. They stain pink or red when subject ...

Introduction to KIR Blockade in Cancer ImmunotherapyNatural killer (NK) cells are crucial components of the innate immune system, responsible for recognizing and destroying virally infe ...

Quick Facts About BegelomabWhat is Begelomab?Begelomab is a monoclonal antibody that targets CD26, a key molecule involved in immune regulation. It has been studied for its potential ap ...

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a fundamental process that plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of healthy tissues. Central to this process are caspases, a family of c ...

Key Facts About EtigilimabWhat is Etigilimab?Etigilimab is an anti-TIGIT monoclonal antibody being studied for its potential role in cancer immunotherapy.What role does Etigilimab play ...

Adhesion Molecules Direct cell-cell interactions are maintained and regulated by cell adhesion molecules. The expression of adhesion molecule ...

Quick Facts About Tisotumab VedotinWhat is Tisotumab Vedotin?Tisotumab Vedotin (Tivdak™) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) designed to target tissue factor (TF) and is FDA-approved fo ...

As atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory disease, there are many influential biomarkers that contribute to the disease’s progression as well as biomarkers from atherosclerosis related d ...

CAR T-cell therapy CAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) T-cell Therapy is a type of cancer treatment. CAR T-cells are made in the laboratory and they have an artificially created receptor on th ...

Overview of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major epidemic that affects over 347 million people worldwide (Danaei et al. 2011). The World He ...

Welcome to an exploration of the evolutionary trajectory and significance of the innate immune system - the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens. In this scientific jou ...

In the realm of immunology, CXCL chemokines emerge as fascinating conductors. These small proteins, marked by their CXC motif, wield considerable influence over our immune responses and a r ...

Quick Facts About ZolbetuximabWhat is Zolbetuximab?Zolbetuximab is a monoclonal antibody that targets Claudin 18.2, a protein overexpressed in gastric and pancreatic cancers, enhancing ...

Explore antigen presentation's crucial role in adaptive immunity and its impact on cancer immunotherapy, highlighting the diversity and function of MHC class I molecules. Key Takeawa ...

Introduction to TLR4 and Cancer Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a key component of the innate immune system, primarily responsible for detecting infections and initiating inflammator ...

by Ryan Wallis, PhD student, QMUL, Blizard Institute The microscopic world of cell biology was first explored by Robert Hooke in the 17th century and published in his work, Microgr ...

Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is the most common form of kidney cancer, originating in the lining of the proximal renal tubules. RCC accounts for approximately 90% of all kidney cancers and ...

The advent of immune checkpoint targeting marks a significant milestone in the oncological field, offering a beacon of hope for patients battling cancer. This innovative approach leverages the bo ...

What is CD31? CD31, also known as PECAM-1, was originally described as a cell surface antigen present on platelets and megakaryocytes. CD31 is ...

What You Need to Know About LusvertikimabWhat is Lusvertikimab?Lusvertikimab is a monoclonal antibody designed to inhibit the IL-4 receptor, a key player in regulating immune responses, ...

TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains) has emerged as a promising target in cancer immunotherapy and the treatment of autoimmune diseases. As a checkpoint receptor, TIGIT ...

Microglial Functions Explained: Immunity, Inflammation & NeurodegenerationKey TakewaysMicroglia are immune cells in the CNS, originating from myeloid precursor cells.They surveil th ...

Dr. Melissa Conroy, TTMI I am an immunologist and senior research fellow in the Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery at Trinit ...

Why do powerful cancer immunotherapies work wonders for some patients but fail for others? The answer may lie not just in the cancer cells themselves, but in the energy levels of our own immune warri ...

What is the Coronavirus Spike Protein? COVID-19, the newest coronavirus to gain international attention, is caused by severe acute respirato ...

Quick Facts About AlemtuzumabWhat is Alemtuzumab?Alemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD52, primarily used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and certain cancers like ...

Quick Facts About TesnatilimabWhat is Tesnatilimab?Tesnatilimab is an anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody designed to block the "don’t eat me" signal used by cancer cells to evade immune resp ...

Quick Facts About PraluzatamabWhat is Praluzatamab?Praluzatamab is an experimental monoclonal antibody that targets CD47, a “don’t eat me” signal used by cancer cells to evade immune de ...

What is Neuroimmunology? Neuroimmunology is a multidisciplinary scientific field dedicated to investigating the intricate and bidirectional interactions between the ...

In recent years, the field of oncology has witnessed a paradigm shift with the advent of immunotherapy, a treatment modality that harnesses the body's immune system to combat cancer. Among the mo ...

What is pharmacogenomics Pharmacogenomics is how DNA variation and drugs interact and how this can optimise patient health; this involves studying pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics ...

ILC2 - Function, Cytokines, and Role in Health and Disease A quick guide to IL2C ...

Quick Facts About UtomilumabWhat is Utomilumab?Utomilumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting 4-1BB (CD137), a co-stimulatory receptor on T-cells, designed to enhance anti-tumor immunity ...

Understanding Myeloid Cell Networks in Cancer ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, yet its effectiveness in re-establishing original immune responses post-therapy remains l ...

B7-H3, also known as CD276, is a member of the B7 family of immune checkpoint molecules that has emerged as a compelling target in tumor immunotherapy. Initially recognized for its role ...

Thanks to the great intuitions of brilliant scientists like Louis Pasteur, Edward Jenner, Robert Koch, Emil von Behring, Gaston Leon Ramon, Albert Sabin, Jonas Salk in the past century, the ...

What Are Oligodendrocytes? Functions, Markers & Disease LinksOligodendrocytes are pivotal CNS cells, integral for myelin formation and nerve function, with implications in various n ...

In this blog post, we will review prostate cancer markers and what you should look for in your results. Prostate antigen marker (PSA) and p63 are the most common markers found in pr ...

Unravel the complexities of bone resorption, a crucial biological process essential for skeletal health and calcium regulation, through the intricate roles of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. K ...

Sweet Deception: How a New Antibody Therapy Unmasks Pancreatic Cancer Sweet Deception: How a New Antibody Therapy Unmasks Pancreatic Cancer Pancreatic can ...

The Double-Edged Sword: How Neutrophil Traps Can Both Help and Hinder Cancer's Spread In the intricate battlefield of the human body, the immune system’s foot soldiers, neutrophils, have long been r ...

What is Gut Inflammation? The gut, or gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a long tube that starts from the mouth and extends to the anus. It includes various organs suc ...

Key Takeaways: Microglia are immune cells in the CNS, originating from myeloid precursor cells. They surveil the CNS, respond to changes, and maintain neural health. Microglia exist in dif ...

Glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic pathway that involves the breakdown of glucose to produce energy. This process can occur through two main pathways: aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis. Both p ...

Quick Facts About FarletuzumabWhat is Farletuzumab?Farletuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting folate receptor alpha (FRα), a protein overexpressed in ovarian and other ep ...

The year 2026 has brought an unsettling spotlight onto an old adversary: Hantavirus. What began as isolated cases has rapidly escalated into a multi-country surge, leaving scientists and public heal ...

Quick Facts About SiltuximabWhat is Siltuximab?Siltuximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine involved in inflammation and immune regulation.What is the ...

Impact of COVID-19 on Brain Aging and Cognitive DeclineThe COVID-19 pandemic has had profound effects on various aspects of human health, including mental health. A recent study involving nearly 1,00 ...

What are Stem Cells? Stem cells are primitive, undifferentiated, and unspecialised cells that are found in multicellular organism ...

Delve into the myeloid lineage, a cornerstone of the immune system and blood cell production, understanding its vital roles and implications in health and disease. Key Takeaways: Myelo ...

Blood coagulation is a fundamental physiological process that prevents excessive bleeding when the vascular system is injured. It involves a complex cascade of events that lead to the formation o ...

RNA interference (RNAi), also referred to as Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS), is the process by which RNA molecules silence genes in response to double-stranded RNA. RNA interference ( ...

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What is RIPA Buffer? RIPA (Radio Immuno Precipitation Assay) buffer is primarily used when conducting a western blot or immunoprecipatation assay. A RIPA buffer is used in order to l ...

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PharmaGenie ELISA Validated According to ISO Quality Systems Highly validated ELISA designed to exceed the needs of biopharma R&D s ...

What is DNA Polymerase Fidelity? The fidelity of a DNA polymerase is the result of accurate replication of a desired template. The fidelity of DNA polymerase ...

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