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Oxidative Stress
Oxidative stress is an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defences. Quantify the radicals, the enzymes that clear them, total antioxidant capacity and the damage left behind.
ROS, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, superoxide and SOD activity.
Total antioxidant capacity, glutathione, catalase, GPX, GST and vitamins C and E.
Oxidative stress arises when the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) outpaces the antioxidant systems that detoxify them. ROS are natural by-products of metabolism, but their levels rise with stressors such as pollution, UV and smoke, damaging proteins, DNA and lipids. Oxidative stress is linked to cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease.
Because the response is multi-layered, a full picture usually needs several read-outs.
With a combination of assays for radicals (H₂O₂, superoxide, NO), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, GPX), total antioxidant capacity, and damage markers such as MDA and protein carbonyls.
Lipid peroxidation markers such as MDA, measured by the TBARS assay, and protein carbonyls are widely used. They are often paired with an antioxidant capacity or enzyme assay for context.
It measures the combined ability of all antioxidants in a sample to counter oxidation, giving one functional read-out of antioxidant defence rather than a single molecule.
Compatibility varies by kit and commonly includes serum, plasma, urine, tissue homogenates, cultured cells and, for some kits, plant tissue.
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