683 results for 'soft sclerosi'

By Sonika Singh PhD candidate, University of Nottingham A Devastating Disease Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and inflammatory disease ba ...

Quick Facts About NatalizumabWhat is Natalizumab?Natalizumab is a monoclonal antibody used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) and Crohn's disease. It works by blocking immune cells from a ...

Adhesion Molecules Direct cell-cell interactions are maintained and regulated by cell adhesion molecules. The expression of adhesion molecule ...

As atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory disease, there are many influential biomarkers that contribute to the disease’s progression as well as biomarkers from atherosclerosis related d ...

The myelin sheath is an insulating layer around nerve cells. It is made up of a substance called myelin, which is produced by special cells called oligodendrocytes. Myelin protects the nerve cell ...

Quick Facts About AlemtuzumabWhat is Alemtuzumab?Alemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD52, primarily used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and certain cancers like ...

Quick Facts About BrodalumabWhat is Brodalumab?Brodalumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the IL-17 receptor to treat immune-mediated conditions like moderate-to-severe plaque pso ...

Microglia Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Glial ...

Quick Facts About AbituzumabWhat is Abituzumab?Abituzumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets αv-integrins, playing a role in cancer treatment and fibrotic diseases.What is the mechan ...

Chemokines are highly conserved cytokines that control the movement of cells around the body. All 45 members of the chemokine family can be divided into 4 subfamilies depending on t ...

What is CD52? Cluster Of Differentiation 52 (CD52) is a highly expressed membrane glycoprotein which is present on the surface of immune cel ...

What Are Oligodendrocytes? Functions, Markers & Disease LinksOligodendrocytes are pivotal CNS cells, integral for myelin formation and nerve function, with implications in various n ...

Oligodendrocytes are pivotal CNS cells, integral for myelin formation and nerve function, with implications in various neurological disorders. Key Takeaways Oligodendrocytes are speci ...

What You Need to Know About InebilizumabWhat is Inebilizumab?Inebilizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets CD19, a protein expressed on B cells, to treat autoimmune disea ...

What is Parkinson’s disease? Parkinson's disease can be seen as a neurodegenerative disease because it is associated with the loss of nerve ce ...

Delve into the pivotal role of Neurofilament Light chain (NEFL) in neuron structure and its emerging importance as a biomarker for various neurodegenerative diseases, offering insights into di ...

Quick Facts About RituximabWhat is Rituximab?Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20, a protein found on the surface of B cells. It plays a crucial role in treating autoimmune ...

CD25, a key molecule in immune regulation, is integral to the function of activated lymphocytes and regulatory T cells. It's central in mediating immune responses, with implications in autoimmune ...

Introduction Discover the multifaceted role of CD33, a critical player in immune function and disease, shaping our approach to treating cancers and neurodegenerative condition ...

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What are Autoimmune Diseases? Autoimmune diseases are a diverse group of disorders where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells, tissues, and organ ...

Microglial Functions Explained: Immunity, Inflammation & NeurodegenerationKey TakewaysMicroglia are immune cells in the CNS, originating from myeloid precursor cells.They surveil th ...

By Sinead Kinsella PhD The Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) The Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) is a regulatory machinery for protein turnover in ...

Key Takeaways: Microglia are immune cells in the CNS, originating from myeloid precursor cells. They surveil the CNS, respond to changes, and maintain neural health. Microglia exist in dif ...

What is Cortisol? Cortisol is a steroid hormone, classified as a member of the glucocorticoid family of hormones. Cortisol is involved in a plethora of physiological processes in order ...

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a crucial regulator of cell growth and metabolism, responding to environmental cues and cellular energy status. This pathway's signif ...

CD Markers Cluster of Differentiation (CD) markers play an important role in the differentiation of B cells, T cells and NK (natural killer) c ...

TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains) has emerged as a promising target in cancer immunotherapy and the treatment of autoimmune diseases. As a checkpoint receptor, TIGIT ...

Complete T Helper Cell Guide: Th1, Th2, Th17 & Functions - Your Ultimate Resource from Assay GenieIn this guide, we will explore the differences between TH1 and TH2 cells, their cruc ...

Understanding the differentiation pathways of neural stem cells (NSCs) and the identification of lineage-specific markers is a cornerstone in the field of neurobiology and regenerative medicine.

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is a protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation by binding to its receptor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which triggers ligand-induced ...

In the realm of immunology, CXCL chemokines emerge as fascinating conductors. These small proteins, marked by their CXC motif, wield considerable influence over our immune responses and a r ...

CAR T-cell therapy CAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) T-cell Therapy is a type of cancer treatment. CAR T-cells are made in the laboratory and they have an artificially created receptor on th ...

Background I am a 3rd year PhD student in Trinity College Dublin and my project is very much an interdisciplinary one. I’m very lucky to get to work between two great labs, Dr. Aisling Dun ...

What is CD31? CD31, also known as PECAM-1, was originally described as a cell surface antigen present on platelets and megakaryocytes. CD31 is ...

The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to a trio of scientists for their groundbreaking work on peripheral immune tolerance, a mechanism that prevents our immune system from ...

Breakthrough Discovery: Epstein-Barr Virus Identified as Primary Trigger for Lupus A groundbreaking study published in November 2025 has provided the most definitive evidence to date that the common ...

Immunophenotyping, a cornerstone of modern immunology, involves identifying and characterizing cell populations based on their surface markers. This technique provides insights into the hetero ...

Thanks to the great intuitions of brilliant scientists like Louis Pasteur, Edward Jenner, Robert Koch, Emil von Behring, Gaston Leon Ramon, Albert Sabin, Jonas Salk in the past century, the ...

Understanding the immune system's intricacies requires models that accurately reflect its complexity. The rat, as a model organism, plays a crucial role in immunological research, particularly i ...

Mitophagy, a term derived from the fusion of "mitochondria" and "autophagy," represents a vital cellular process responsible for the targeted degradation and recycling of dysfunctional mitocho ...

The tau protein is a hot topic in the scientific world right now. This little-known protein has been linked to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative dise ...

Since I am from Ireland I thought I would give as comprehensive view as possible for Research Universities in Ireland. By now you are probably considering looking for a PhD or PostDoc posit ...

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as pivotal players in the realm of regenerative medicine due to their unique properties and versatile potential. Originally discovered in the bone marro ...

Imagine a battlefield where the enemy doesn't just hide from soldiers—it actively sabotages their weapons. In the tumor microenvironment, cancer cells have evolved a devious strategy: they transfer t ...

Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is the most common form of kidney cancer, originating in the lining of the proximal renal tubules. RCC accounts for approximately 90% of all kidney cancers and ...

Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal in the immune system, orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses. Understanding their developmental lineage pathway is crucial in immunology, particularl ...

Dr. Melissa Conroy, TTMI I am an immunologist and senior research fellow in the Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery at Trinit ...

Nanosilver is the most commercialised nanoparticle routinely used for its antibacterial purposes in food preservation, cosmetic and health products such as medical devices and wound treatme ...

Quick Facts About AnifrolumabWhat is Anifrolumab?Anifrolumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the type I interferon receptor, playing a crucial role in treating systemic lupus eryt ...

BDNF Overview Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a central mediator of neuroplasticity, a term used to describe the ability of neuron ...

CD4+ T cells are central to the immune system, functioning as coordinators of immune responses and regulators of immune tolerance. These cells are divided into two primary subtypes: Help ...

What is the blood-brain barrier? The Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a system of vessels that acts as a structural and chemical barrier between the brain and the rest of the body's circul ...

Quick Facts About PlonmarlimabWhat is Plonmarlimab?Plonmarlimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting GM-CSF, a cytokine involved in inflammation and immune responses.How does Plonmarlimab ...

Toll-Like Receptors The innate immune response has come under the spotlight in recent years due to its central role in propagating the pathoge ...

Quick Facts About BegelomabWhat is Begelomab?Begelomab is a monoclonal antibody that targets CD26, a key molecule involved in immune regulation. It has been studied for its potential ap ...

By Dr. Niclas Thomas “Data science” is a recent addition to the vocabulary of analytics, and can mean many different things to different people. As f ...

What is Neuroimmunology? Neuroimmunology is a multidisciplinary scientific field dedicated to investigating the intricate and bidirectional interactions between the ...

For decades, the fight against cancer has been a grueling battle of attrition, with treatments often as harsh as the disease itself. But a revolutionary approach, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T ce ...

Quick Facts About VixarelimabWhat is Vixarelimab?Vixarelimab is an investigational monoclonal antibody developed to target oncostatin M receptor beta (OSMRβ), a key pathway involved in ...

The immune system plays a critical role in defending the body against pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Within the intricate network of immune cells, CD11b, also known as inte ...

Schwann cells are cells that play a vital role in nerve function. They are responsible for myelinating axons and helping to ensure the transmission of electrical signals between neurons. Schwann ...

Introduction to CD122 in Immunotherapy CD122, also known as the interleukin-2 receptor beta chain (IL-2Rβ), is a critical component of the immune system's response to pathogens and ...

Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3) is an immune checkpoint receptor that plays a critical role in regulating T cell function. In recent years, LAG-3 has emerged as a potential target f ...

By Ciara Coleman PhD General Introduction Coeliac Disease (CD) is defined as a common, chronic inflammatory di ...

For decades, the brain has been considered an immune sanctuary, protected by the formidable blood-brain barrier. This intricate defense system, while vital for safeguarding our most complex organ, h ...

By Charlotte O’Donnell PhD Cancer Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process that develops through epigenetic changes an ...

What is preeclampsia? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), one in ten pregnant women is affected by hypertensive disorders, and preeclampsia ...

By Diana-Madalina Stan, PhD student, University of Salford Disease Description Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is ...

You are only part human. In some ways, you are as much bacteria as you are mammal, and in some ways bacteria make up far more of you than your own familiar cells and genes! It is becoming ...

Discover the critical role of cytokines as signaling molecules in immune responses, their functions, and the impact of their dysregulation, including cytokine storms. Key Takeaways: C ...

by Ryan Wallis, PhD Aging and Disease Imagine a world where everything you do is missing just a little piece and as time goes on you start to lose sense entirely. This is the dev ...

Kinases, key enzymes in cellular signaling, phosphorylate proteins to regulate crucial processes, and their modulation has significant implications in disease treatment. Key Takeaways: K ...

by Ryan Wallis, PhD student, QMUL, Blizard Institute The microscopic world of cell biology was first explored by Robert Hooke in the 17th century and published in his work, Microgr ...

By Juan Quintana, PhD student, University of Edinbrugh What are Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)? The World Health Orga ...

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, irreversible and ultimately fatal disease characterized by pro ...

LATS kinases belong to a family of proteins that, in mammals, are comprised of two isoforms, LATS1 and LATS2. Originally identified in Drosophila melanogaster as Warts kinase, LATS1 and LATS2 s ...

ST2, a member of the IL-1R Subfamily ST2 is a member of the IL-1R subfamily and was identified in 1989 [1]. The ST2 gene is located on chromos ...

Danka Kozareva PhD Candidate, University College Cork The generation of neurons from stem cells The process of generating ...

Mononuclear phagocytes, essential in immunity and homeostasis, perform diverse roles from phagocytosis to tissue repair, influencing health and disease. Key Takeaways: Mononuclear ...

MST2/Hippo PathwayMammalian Sterile Twenty (MST) pathways have been identified as a homologue of the ste20 kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Creasy and Chernoff 1995). The MST2/Hippo pathwa ...

What is Wnt Signalling? The Wnt signalling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that plays critical roles in the regulation of determining cell ...

What is Necrosis? Necrosis is a pathological process characterized by the death of cells or tissues within a living organism. It occurs as a result of various factors, including injury, inf ...

What is IHC? Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a valuable tool used for the identification of specific antigens within embedded tissue prepara ...

Product CitationsMore than 1,000 cited products in scientific journalsWe're not just any scientific company; our products have made waves in the scientific community. From groundbreakin ...