10510 results for 'signal transduction'

What You Need to Know About TocilizumabWhat is Tocilizumab?Tocilizumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor, widely used for managing autoimmune and i ...

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Quick Facts About OnvatilimabWhat is Onvatilimab?Onvatilimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, often referred to as the "don't eat me" signal, which is overexpressed on many canc ...

Quick Facts About TesnatilimabWhat is Tesnatilimab?Tesnatilimab is an anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody designed to block the "don’t eat me" signal used by cancer cells to evade immune resp ...

The initial identification of PD-1 as a potential target for cancer treatment occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s through studies exploring the regulation of T-cell responses ...

What is a Macrophage? Macrophages are indeed a type of phagocyte, responsible for engulfing and destroying foreign particles and cellular debris. They are larger cells with more cytoplasm a ...

The CD28 molecule plays a crucial role in amplifying T cell activation, which is critical for mounting effective immune responses against tumors. By engaging with co-stimulatory molecule ...

Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3) is an immune checkpoint receptor that plays a critical role in regulating T cell function. In recent years, LAG-3 has emerged as a potential target f ...

Understanding Myeloid Cell Networks in Cancer ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, yet its effectiveness in re-establishing original immune responses post-therapy remains l ...

Quick Facts About TrastuzumabWhat is Trastuzumab?Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody used to treat HER2-positive breast and gastric cancers. It specifically targets the HER2 protein, r ...

Quick Facts About IcatolimabWhat is Icatolimab?Icatolimab is a monoclonal antibody designed to target CD47, a protein that cancer cells use to evade immune detection.How does Icatolimab ...

Fluorescent proteins (FPs) have revolutionized the field of molecular and cellular biology, allowing scientists to visualize and track biological processes in live cells with unprecedented clarit ...

Quick Facts About LirilumabWhat is Lirilumab?Lirilumab is an anti-KIR monoclonal antibody designed to enhance natural killer (NK) cell activity by blocking killer-cell immunoglobulin-li ...

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized treatment options, offering strategies to harness the immune system to target and destroy tumors. One emerging area of interest is the use of OX40 ...

Quick Facts About NadecnemabWhat is Nadecnemab?Nadecnemab is an investigational monoclonal antibody that targets CD47, a key immune checkpoint protein involved in cancer evasion.How Doe ...

CD8+ T cells, also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), are a critical component of the immune system. They play a vital role in defending the body against viral infections, intracel ...

Quick Facts About SirexatamabWhat is Sirexatamab?Sirexatamab is an investigational monoclonal antibody designed to target CD47, a key immune checkpoint involved in cancer evasion.How Do ...

Quick Facts About RuplizumabWhat is Ruplizumab?Ruplizumab is an investigational monoclonal antibody designed to target CD47, a protein that helps cancer cells evade immune detection.Wha ...

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a powerful analytical biochemistry assay that utilizes antibodies and color change to identify a substance. It is widely used in the field of immunolo ...

Quick Facts About RagifilimabWhat is Ragifilimab?Ragifilimab is an investigational anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody developed to block the CD47-SIRPα interaction, thereby enhancing macroph ...

Adhesion Molecules Direct cell-cell interactions are maintained and regulated by cell adhesion molecules. The expression of adhesion molecule ...

Quick Info Section: Key Facts About CevostamabWhat is Cevostamab?Cevostamab is an investigational monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, a cell surface protein that helps cancer cells evad ...

What are Toll Like Receptors? Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system's defense against microbial invaders ...

In the dynamic landscape of biomedical research, organoids have emerged as a groundbreaking tool, offering three-dimensional (3D) models that mimic the complex architecture and functionality of h ...

We know it gets tiring being in the lab every day, especially with the evenings getting darker and gloomier. So, to get you in the festive spirit, we're holding a competition to win money to t ...

For decades, the fight against cancer has been a story of incremental gains. But what if we could fundamentally shift the battlefield, turning the body's own immune system into a precision-guided wea ...

Cancer DevelopmentCancer is a group of diseases that involves abnormal cell growth resulting in malignant tumours/ malignant neoplasms. Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity, with 14 million n ...

What is CD31? CD31, also known as PECAM-1, was originally described as a cell surface antigen present on platelets and megakaryocytes. CD31 is ...

Microglia Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Glial ...

Quick Facts About GalegenimabWhat is Galegenimab?Galegenimab is an anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody designed to block the "don't eat me" signal, enhancing the immune system's ability to el ...

Written by Seán Mac Fhearraigh, PhD  •  Updated: 19 May 2026  •  ~10 min read Quick Answer A sandwich ELISA uses two antib ...

CAR T-cell therapy CAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) T-cell Therapy is a type of cancer treatment. CAR T-cells are made in the laboratory and they have an artificially created receptor on th ...

Background I am a 3rd year PhD student in Trinity College Dublin and my project is very much an interdisciplinary one. I’m very lucky to get to work between two great labs, Dr. Aisling Dun ...

Tumor-Associated Macrophages: Double Agents in the Cancer Battlefield In the intricate theater of the human body, the immune system acts as a vigilant guardian, dispatching cellular soldiers to seek ...

Quick Facts About TinurilimabWhat is Tinurilimab?Tinurilimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, a protein that cancer cells use to evade immune system attack. By blocking CD47, Ti ...

Quick Facts About EnavatuzumabWhat is Enavatuzumab?Enavatuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the TWEAK receptor (Fn14), pivotal in tumor growth and immune regulation.What is the m ...

Quick Facts About TidutamabWhat is Tidutamab?Tidutamab is a monoclonal antibody designed to target somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), a key protein involved in various neuroendocrine tumo ...

Quick Facts About NarnatumabWhat is Narnatumab?Narnatumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, a key immune checkpoint that helps cancer cells evade destruction by the immune system ...

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The Brain's Sentinels: How Microglia Shape Neuroinflammation in Disease In the intricate landscape of the human brain, a silent, ever-watchful guardian stands ready to defend against injury and inva ...

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Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signalling proteins that are produced and released from cells in response to viral infection and other stimuli such as normal and tumour cell survival and ...

Platelets, the tiny cellular fragments found in our blood, play a crucial role in maintaining our overall health and well-being. From their role in blood clotting to their involveme ...

Introduction to PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 in Cancer ImmunotherapyThe PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway has been instrumental in cancer immunotherapy, with PD-1 (programmed death-1) inhib ...

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA) is a pivotal signaling protein involved in both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, processes essential for the formation of blood vessels during embryon ...

Thanks to the great intuitions of brilliant scientists like Louis Pasteur, Edward Jenner, Robert Koch, Emil von Behring, Gaston Leon Ramon, Albert Sabin, Jonas Salk in the past century, the ...

Quick Facts About EldelumabWhat is Eldelumab?Eldelumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting TNFSF14 (LIGHT), a key regulator in immune system signaling, with potential applications in inf ...

Quick Facts About FezakinumabWhat is Fezakinumab?Fezakinumab is a human IgG1-lambda monoclonal antibody that targets interleukin-22 (IL-22), a cytokine involved in inflammatory response ...

Harnessing the immune system to fight cancer has become a pivotal strategy in modern oncology. A key component in this fight is CD27, a receptor that plays a crucial role in T-cell activ ...

HMGB1 Functional Overview High mobility group box 1 ( HMGB1), a member of the high-mobility group (HMG) family, was first identified in the thymus in 1973 a ...

Quick Facts About FletikumabWhat is Fletikumab?Fletikumab is an investigational monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, a key immune checkpoint that enables cancer cells to evade immune des ...

What You Need to Know About DupilumabWhat is Dupilumab?Dupilumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody designed to treat various chronic inflammatory diseases by inhibiting key cytokines ...

Spindle assembly checkpoint The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), or mitotic checkpoint, is the main cell cycle control mechanism that governs mitosis. Incorre ...

The immune system is the body’s main defence against infection. In order to function properly, the immune system must be able to detect and protect against infinite agents s ...

Quick Facts About RamucirumabWhat is Ramucirumab?Ramucirumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), inhibiting angiogenesis, a pr ...

Overview of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major epidemic that affects over 347 million people worldwide (Danaei et al. 2011). The World He ...

The Double-Edged Sword: How Neutrophil Traps Can Both Help and Hinder Cancer's Spread In the intricate battlefield of the human body, the immune system’s foot soldiers, neutrophils, have long been r ...

This article provides an overview of the protein Zonulin (function, structure, location). It describes tight junction proteins, leaky gut and Zonulin-related diseases. This includes celiac diseas ...

Millions of people are afflicted with cancer each year. 2016 statistics for the USA alone show over half a million deaths attributed to cancer 1. We have come a long way from our early unders ...

Immunotherapy has become a central pillar in the fight against cancer, with a focus on enhancing the body’s natural defenses. Among the molecules at the forefront of immunotherapeutic re ...

David Melamed, Phd Candidate, Colombia University When I started in the Kalderon Lab five years ago, I had no idea that our work would lead us to drastica ...

What You Need to Know About CodrituzumabWhat is Codrituzumab?Codrituzumab is an investigational monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, an immune checkpoint that regulates immune responses ...

Flow Cytometry Protocol The meaning is in the name: Flow = in motion, Cyto = cells, Metry = measure. What is Flow Cytometry? Flow c ...

Quick Facts About RosopatamabWhat is Rosopatamab?Rosopatamab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, a critical immune checkpoint that helps cancer cells evade immune detection. By blo ...

Traumatic injuries & death When I ask people what the leading cause of death is in the United States in people age 44 and under, they generally reply saying ...

The fight against B cell cancers, a challenging spectrum of hematologic malignancies, has entered a new era with the introduction of rituximab biosimilars. These biosimilars promise to extend th ...

Dr. Melissa Conroy, TTMI I am an immunologist and senior research fellow in the Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Group, Department of Surgery at Trinit ...

Sweet Deception: How a New Antibody Therapy Unmasks Pancreatic Cancer Sweet Deception: How a New Antibody Therapy Unmasks Pancreatic Cancer Pancreatic can ...

Key Facts About EtigilimabWhat is Etigilimab?Etigilimab is an anti-TIGIT monoclonal antibody being studied for its potential role in cancer immunotherapy.What role does Etigilimab play ...

T cells are central players in adaptive immunity, responsible for recognizing and eliminating infected or aberrant cells. Upon encountering antigens, T cells undergo clonal expansion and diffe ...

Nanosilver is the most commercialised nanoparticle routinely used for its antibacterial purposes in food preservation, cosmetic and health products such as medical devices and wound treatme ...

Key Takeaways: Microglia are immune cells in the CNS, originating from myeloid precursor cells. They surveil the CNS, respond to changes, and maintain neural health. Microglia exist in dif ...

Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) is an immune checkpoint molecule that plays a crucial role in regulating T cell activation and survival. In recent years, GIT ...

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Introduction T lymphocytes are type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. There are many different types of T cells, and it is important to be able to di ...

By Charlotte O'Donnell PhD ...

Complete T Helper Cell Guide: Th1, Th2, Th17 & Functions - Your Ultimate Resource from Assay GenieIn this guide, we will explore the differences between TH1 and TH2 cells, their cruc ...

Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) assays represent a pivotal technique in the molecular and cellular biology fields, enabling the examination of protein interactions, nucleic acid str ...

Written by Seán Mac Fhearraigh, PhD  •  Updated: 19 May 2026  •  ~9 min read Quick Answer ELISA and Western Blot are both antibody-based protein detection methods. ELISA is f ...

Quick Facts About LacnotuzumabWhat is Lacnotuzumab?Lacnotuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, a protein that helps cancer cells evade immune system destruction.What is the me ...

What You Need to Know About PrezalumabWhat is Prezalumab?Prezalumab is a monoclonal antibody designed to target CD47, a protein often overexpressed in cancer cells to evade immune detec ...

The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918-1919 was the deadliest in history. It is estimated that up to 100 million people died from the virus, which is more than three times the number who ...

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Platelet adhesion is a critical process in the maintenance of hemostasis, the body's response to bleeding. This intricate process involves a series of interactions between platelets, the cellular ...

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Imagine an elite squad of soldiers sent to neutralize a hidden fortress, only to find themselves wandering aimlessly in a thick, disorienting fog just outside the gates. This is the current reality ...

Monocytes, as part of the innate immune system, act as the first line of defense against foreign invaders. One of their primary functions is phagocytosis, a crucial process in which they engul ...

This article breaks down the glycoprotein Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) detailing its structure, function and therapeutic uses. It also describes its role in im ...

As atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory disease, there are many influential biomarkers that contribute to the disease’s progression as well as biomarkers from atherosclerosis related d ...

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