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The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to a trio of scientists for their groundbreaking work on peripheral immune tolerance, a mechanism that prevents our immune system from attacking our own body. Their discoveries of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the critical role of the FOXP3 gene have revolutionized our understanding of immune regulation, with one study showing that Tregs are essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases. Introduction For decades, scientists believed that immune tolerance was primarily established in the thymus through a process called central tolerance. However, the work of Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, an …