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Galectin Therapeutics(Post)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, irreversible and ultimately fatal disease characterized by pro ...
Narsoplimab: Targeting MASP-2 to Advance Therapies in Immune-Mediated Disorders(Post)Quick Facts About NarsoplimabWhat is Narsoplimab?Narsoplimab is a human monoclonal antibody that targets MASP-2, a key enzyme in the lectin pathway of the complement system.What is the ...
Alternative Complement Pathway: Activation, Regulation, and Significance(Post)@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;600;700;800&display=swap'); .agp{--blue:#0072bc;--blue-d:#00528c;--accent:#2ba9e0;--ink:#1f2a37;--muted:#5b6b7b;--line:#e3eaee; ...
CD52 Expression(Post)What is CD52? Cluster Of Differentiation 52 (CD52) is a highly expressed membrane glycoprotein which is present on the surface of immune cel ...
Innate Immunity: Components, Functions & First Line of Defence(Post)@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;600;700;800&display=swap'); .agp{--blue:#0072bc;--blue-d:#00528c;--accent:#2ba9e0;--ink:#1f2a37;--muted:#5b6b7b;--line:#e3eaee; ...
CD33 Marker(Post)Introduction Discover the multifaceted role of CD33, a critical player in immune function and disease, shaping our approach to treating cancers and neurodegenerative condition ...
The common characteristics of cancer | Assay Genie(Post)By Shane Houston, PhD Candidate Queen’s University Belfast Cancer is an age old adversary of the human race. This out-of-control growth of abnormal cells has been a shadow over human health ...
The Complement System - pathways & function in the immune system(Post)The Complement System Function Gone are the days when the complement system was considered solely a companion of its impressive adaptive immune system count ...
Litifilimab: A Promising Anti-BDCA2 Antibody for Lupus Treatment(Post)Quick Facts About LitifilimabWhat is Litifilimab?Litifilimab is a monoclonal antibody developed by Biogen targeting BDCA2, a receptor on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), to regulate ...
Antibody Structure: Overview & Insights(Post)Antibody Struct ...
IQGAP1 signaling review(Post)IQGAP1: IQ-motif containing GTPase-activating-like protein-1 reviewIQ motif-containing GTPase-activating-like protein-1 (IQGAP1) is a 190 KDa protein that belongs to a conserved family of s ...
JAK-STAT Signalling and Cytokines: The What, How, and Why(Post)In the intricate landscape of cellular communication, lies a sophisticated ...
The Strategic Role of Secondary Antibody Incubation Times in Immunodetection Techniques(Post)Secondary antibodies are pivotal in the detection of target antigens in various immunodetection assays such as Western blotting, ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), and immunohistochemistr ...
Cell Signalling – Mini Review(Post)Cell Signalling Cell signalling pathways have an important role in integrating a plethora of extracellular and intracellular signals to produce a controlled optimal ...
Unraveling the Complexities of Antibodies: Light Chains, Heavy Chains, Constant Regions, and Tumor-Associated Antigens(Post)Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, play a pivotal role in the immune system's ability to recognize and neutralize pathogens. This comprehensive article delves into the structural and func ...
Polyclonal Vs Monoclonal antibodies: Key features (Post)@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;600;700;800&display=swap'); .agp{--blue:#0072bc;--blue-d:#00528c;--accent:#2ba9e0;--ink:#1f2a37;--muted:#5b6b7b;--line:#e3eaee; ...
CB6 Biosimilar: Targeting SARS-CoV-2 with Cost-Effective Monoclonal Antibody Therapy(Post)CB6, also known as Etesevimab, is a monoclonal antibody that targets the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. It neutralizes the virus by preventing it from bin ...
Spindle Assembly Checkpoint review(Post)Spindle assembly checkpoint The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), or mitotic checkpoint, is the main cell cycle control mechanism that governs mitosis. Incorre ...
Immunoglobulin Antibodies: Types, Structure & Clinical Uses(Post)Immunoglobulin antibodies stand at the forefront of the immune defense system, offering a sophisticated mechanism for recognizing and neutralizing a vast array of pathogens, including bacteria, ...
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA): A Cornerstone in Angiogenesis and Beyond(Post)Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGFA) is a pivotal signaling protein involved in both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, processes essential for the formation of blood vessels during embryon ...
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) – Review(Post)Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) were first discovered in the 1960s by Dr.Marshall Urist, an orthopaedic surgeon at UCLA (Urist 1965). BMPs are classically associated with their roles in limb ...
Mouse Monoclonal Antibody(Post)Mouse monoclonal antibodies are a valuable tool in the biomedical field. They can be used for a variety of applications, from research to clinical diagnostics. In this blog post, we ...
Tau proteins: An Overview (Post)The tau protein is a hot topic in the scientific world right now. This little-known protein has been linked to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative dise ...
Tocilizumab (Actemra®) in COVID-19 Treatment(Post)Tocilizumab (Actemra®) in COVID-19 Treatment What is Tocilizumab? Tocilizumab, also called atlizumab, is an immunosuppres ...
Understanding Antibody Staining for Antigen Detection in Flow Cytometry(Post)Flow cytometry stands as a pivotal technique in the realms of molecular biology and immunology, enabling the analysis of physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles as they flow i ...
MHC Class I vs Class II: Key Differences & Functions [Guide](Post)@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;600;700;800&display=swap'); .agp{--blue:#0072bc;--blue-d:#00528c;--accent:#2ba9e0;--ink:#1f2a37;--muted:#5b6b7b;--line:#e3eaee; ...
The Role of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2(Post)Structure, Function, and Detection Assays for COVID-2019 Background The global spread of the novel co ...
Estrogen and Breast Cancer: a Nuclear (Receptor) War(Post)By Dr. Lisa Dwane, Postdoctoral Researcher, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland The first link between estrogen and breast cancer was made in the ...
What is an Antigen?(Post)Antigen's are foreign molecules recognised by the immune system. Antigens can be protein, carbohydrate, lipid or nucleic acid molecules. Examples include viruses and bacteria as well as f ...
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) (Post)What is Hepatocyte Growth Factor? Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a cytokine that is mainly produced by the liver. HGF is a pleiotrophic cytokine that regulates cell growth, motili ...
VEGF: Inflammation and Tumourigenesis(Post)What is VEGF? Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs) are a group of homodimeric polypeptides, and are master regulators of vascular development, maintenance and ...
Insulin Signaling and RTK: An Overview(Post)@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;600;700;800&display=swap'); .agp{--blue:#0072bc;--blue-d:#00528c;--accent:#2ba9e0;--ink:#1f2a37;--muted:#5b6b7b;--line:#e3eaee; ...
Cortisol and the Immune Response(Post)Endocrinology · ImmunologyCortisol and the Immune ResponseCortisol is the body’s primary stress hormone — a glucocorticoid released by the adrenal gland that powerfully shapes the immune system. Acti ...
Comprehensive Analysis of Antibody Structure and Function(Post)Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, stand as critical components of the immune system, orchestrating the identification and neutralization of pathogens like viruses and bacteria. This extensive arti ...
Immunoglobulin vs Antibody: Unveiling the Intricacies(Post)In the realm of immunology, the terms "immunoglobulin" and "antibody" often find themselves used interchangeably, sparking confusion among those keen on understanding the immune system's fine det ...
Protein Kinases: Overview, Classification and Therapeutic Potential(Post)Kinases, key enzymes in cellular signaling, phosphorylate proteins to regulate crucial processes, and their modulation has significant implications in disease treatment. Key Takeaways: K ...
Lorvotuzumab: Targeting CD56 in Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development(Post)Quick Facts About LorvotuzumabWhat is Lorvotuzumab?Lorvotuzumab is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) designed to target CD56, a surface antigen commonly overexpressed in neuroendocrine t ...
Growth Factors: Key Players in Biological Processes(Post)Growth factors play a vital role in the complex web of biological processes, serving as key regulators in various essential events. They exert significant influence over cruc ...
Phosphorothioate: Enhancing Stability in Oligonucleotide-Based Therapies(Post)Phosphorothioate is a chemical modification commonly used in oligonucleotide-based therapies to enhance the stability and efficacy of therapeutic nucleic acids. In this modification, one ...
CD31: A Comprehensive Look at an Essential Biomarker(Post)What is CD31? CD31, also known as PECAM-1, was originally described as a cell surface antigen present on platelets and megakaryocytes. CD31 is ...
HMGB1 in inflammation and cancer(Post)HMGB1 Functional Overview High mobility group box 1 ( HMGB1), a member of the high-mobility group (HMG) family, was first identified in the thymus in 1973 a ...
p53 Protein: Mutations, Cancer Signalling & Tumour Suppression(Post)p53, encoded by the TP53 gene on chromosome 17, is a fundamental protein safeguarding against tumor formation. It orchestrates cellular responses to DNA damage and stress, crucially managing cell ...
Tisotumab Vedotin: A Breakthrough in Targeted Cancer Therapy(Post)Quick Facts About Tisotumab VedotinWhat is Tisotumab Vedotin?Tisotumab Vedotin (Tivdak™) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) designed to target tissue factor (TF) and is FDA-approved fo ...
Girentuximab: Exploring Its Mechanism, Clinical Potential, and Research Advancements(Post)Quick Facts About GirentuximabWhat is Girentuximab?Girentuximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), predominantly expressed in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) ce ...
The Notch Signalling Pathway: Its Steps and Impacts(Post)Notch signalling pathway review The Notch signalling pathway is a highly conserved intercellular signalling pathway that regulates various cellular processes. The Notch receptor is a t ...
Indatuximab: Advancing CD138-Targeted Therapy in Cancer Research(Post)What You Need to Know About IndatuximabWhat is Indatuximab?Indatuximab ravtansine is an experimental monoclonal antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that targets CD138, a protein highly expres ...
ST2 and IL33(Post)ST2, a member of the IL-1R Subfamily ST2 is a member of the IL-1R subfamily and was identified in 1989 [1]. The ST2 gene is located on chromos ...
Influenza Hemagglutinin (HA) Subtypes and Flu Virus Strains: What You Need to Know(Post)The flu is a highly contagious virus that affects the respiratory system. It can cause fever, muscle aches, and coughing. In some cases, it can lead to more serious health complicat ...
The role of IL-18 in health and disease(Post)Exploring IL-18: A key cytokine in inflammation and disease. Key Takeaways: IL-18, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a pivotal role in immune responses, particularly in inducing Type II ...
The IL-36 Subfamily | Expression, Function & Regulation(Post)By Charlotte O'Donnell PhD The genes of the IL-36 family members are located in a cluster on chromosome 2 [1]. All three activating ligands, IL-36α, IL-36β ...
The Battle of Antibiotics: Penicillin vs. Streptomycin(Post)@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;600;700;800&display=swap'); .agp{--blue:#0072bc;--blue-d:#00528c;--accent:#2ba9e0;--ink:#1f2a37;--muted:#5b6b7b;--line:#e3eaee; ...
Understanding Blotchy Western Blots: Causes and Remedies(Post)Western blotting is a powerful and widely used technique in molecular biology, essential for detecting and quantifying specific proteins in complex biological samples. However, despite its pop ...
VEGF-A VEGFR-2 Signaling: Decoding the Blueprint of Angiogenesis for Therapeutic Insights(Post)The orchestration of angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels form from pre-existing ones, is a complex symphony regulated by various molecular players. At the forefront of this in ...
Enapotamab: Advancing Cancer Research with Innovative Therapeutics(Post)Quick Facts About EnapotamabWhat is Enapotamab?Enapotamab is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) developed to target tumor cells selectively, offering new hope in cancer treat ...
RNA Extraction for COVID-19 Testing(Post)Testing for COVID-19 Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organisation have emphasised the crucial impor ...
Types of ELISA: Direct, Indirect, Sandwich & Competitive Compared(Post)Written by Seán Mac Fhearraigh, PhD • Updated: 19 May 2026 • ~9 min read Quick Answer The five main types of ELISA are sandwich, competitive, direct, indirect and multiple ...
ELISA vs Western Blot: Which Technique Should You Choose?(Post)Written by Seán Mac Fhearraigh, PhD • Updated: 19 May 2026 • ~9 min read Quick Answer ELISA and Western Blot are both antibody-based protein detection methods. ELISA is f ...
IL-1 Family Signaling: Unraveling the Molecular Orchestra of Immune Regulation(Post)The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) family represents a crucial group of signaling molecules that play a pivotal role in regulating the immune system and inflammatory responses. Comprising 11 members, in ...
Plasma Membrane Markers(Post)What is a Plasma Membrane? The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, is a vital component of all cells. It is a thin, semi-permeable barrier that separat ...
Daratumumab: Advancing Research in Multiple Myeloma and Beyond(Post)Key Facts About DaratumumabWhat is Daratumumab?Daratumumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets CD38, a protein highly expressed on the surface of multiple myeloma cells.How does Darat ...
Innate Viral Immunity & RIG-I in COVID-19(Post)RIG-I: Antiviral Properties in COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection Key Points RIG-I is a cytosolic RNA ...
Sandwich ELISA: Step-by-Step Protocol & Troubleshooting(Post)Written by Seán Mac Fhearraigh, PhD • Updated: 19 May 2026 • ~10 min read Quick Answer A sandwich ELISA uses two antib ...
Gemtuzumab: Advancing CD33-Targeted Therapies in AML Research(Post)Key Facts About GemtuzumabWhat is Gemtuzumab?Gemtuzumab is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting CD33, a protein expressed on the surface of myeloid cells. It is widely recognized ...
Androgenic steroid action in breast cancer(Post)By Rachel Bleach, PhD Student, RCSI By the age of 79 years, 1 in 14 women will develop breast cancer (Global Burden of Disease Cancer 2017). Beatson reporte ...
Denosumab: A Comprehensive Overview of Mechanism, Applications, and Research Advances(Post)What You Need to Know About DenosumabWhat is Denosumab?Denosumab is a monoclonal antibody used primarily to treat osteoporosis and bone-related complications in cancer patients. It targ ...
CD80: Amplifying Immune Activation Through Co-Stimulatory Pathways(Post)Introduction to CD80 and Its Role in Immune Activation CD80 is a critical immune checkpoint molecule that plays an essential role in T cell activation through co-stimulatory pathway ...
Western Blot Training: A Comprehensive Guide(Post)Western blotting, a cornerstone technique in molecular biology, biochemistry, and immunogenetics, is pivotal for detecting specific proteins in a sample. Its applications span various scientific ...
Unraveling the Complexity of the Notch Signaling Pathway: A Key Player in Development and Disease(Post)The Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved cellular communication system that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, ...
Elotuzumab: Revolutionizing Multiple Myeloma Treatment and Research Applications(Post)Quick Facts About ElotuzumabWhat is Elotuzumab?Elotuzumab is a monoclonal antibody designed to enhance the immune system's ability to detect and destroy multiple myeloma cells. It targe ...
Tidutamab: Unlocking the Potential of SSTR2-Targeting in Oncology Research(Post)Quick Facts About TidutamabWhat is Tidutamab?Tidutamab is a monoclonal antibody designed to target somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), a key protein involved in various neuroendocrine tumo ...
Talquetamab: Exploring its Role in Cancer Therapy and Ongoing Research(Post)Quick Info Section: Key Facts About TalquetamabWhat is Talquetamab?Talquetamab is a novel monoclonal antibody being developed for the treatment of multiple myeloma and other cancers. It ...
JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway: A Comprehensive Exploration(Post)window.SHOGUN_IMAGE_V2_ELEMENTS = window.SHOGUN_IMAGE_V2_ELEMENTS || new Array(); window.SHOGUN_IMAGE_V2_ELEMENTS.push({ uuid: 's-45124fd5-9a75-444d-b680-b8339e2a814d' }) Progr ...
Pinatuzumab: Advancing Cancer Research and Therapeutics(Post)Quick Facts About PinatuzumabWhat is Pinatuzumab?Pinatuzumab is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) designed to target CD22, a protein highly expressed on B-cell malignancies, including no ...
C reactive protein(Post)Delve into the world of C-reactive protein (CRP), a critical player in the body's response to inflammation, and understand its role in health and disease. Key Takeaways C-reacti ...
Hippo Pathway Review(Post)MST2/Hippo PathwayMammalian Sterile Twenty (MST) pathways have been identified as a homologue of the ste20 kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Creasy and Chernoff 1995). The MST2/Hippo pathwa ...
Talacotuzumab: Exploring CD123-Targeting Therapies in AML and MDS Research(Post)Key Facts About TalacotuzumabWhat is Talacotuzumab?Talacotuzumab is a monoclonal antibody designed to target CD123, a protein commonly found on the surface of certain blood cancer cells ...
5 Types of Immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD & IgE(Post)@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;600;700;800&display=swap'); .agp{--blue:#0072bc;--blue-d:#00528c;--accent:#2ba9e0;--ink:#1f2a37;--muted:#5b6b7b;--line:#e3eaee; ...
Zilovertamab: Unlocking the Potential of ROR1-Targeted Therapy(Post)Quick Facts About ZilovertamabWhat is Zilovertamab?Zilovertamab is a monoclonal antibody targeting ROR1, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed in hematologic cancers and solid tumors ...
Sodium and Potassium Indicators and Ionophores: A Comprehensive Insight(Post)Understanding the dynamics of sodium and potassium ions within biological systems is crucial for deciphering cellular processes and developing therapeutic strategies. Sodium and potassium indicat ...
Key Players in T Cell Regulation: Lag-3, Tim-3, and TIGIT(Post)Understanding Lag-3, Tim-3, and TIGIT: Key Players in T Cell RegulationThe immune system's ability to regulate T cell responses is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and combating diseases such as c ...
CD155: Breaking Immune Suppression in Tumor Environments(Post)Introduction to CD155 in Cancer ImmunotherapyCD155, also known as Poliovirus Receptor (PVR), is a transmembrane protein that plays a pivotal role in tumor immune evasion. While CD155 is ...
The role of key Interleukins(Post)Interleukin signaling is involved in a number of biological processes, including cell growth and differentiation, inflammation and immunity. Interleukins are glycoproteins which act on hem ...
Ras signaling pathway(Post)A wide variety of cell surface receptors activate Ras GTPase, including the tyrosine receptor linked to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (Wells 1999). Upon receptor stimulation, son ...
B Cells: Function, Types, Activation & Role in Immunity(Post)B Cell Types, Antigen Recognition & Activation A comprehensive guide to B cells! Introduction B cells, a vital component of the immune system, ...
How Furin and ACE2 Interact with the Spike on SARS-CoV-2(Post)What is the Coronavirus Spike Protein? COVID-19, the newest coronavirus to gain international attention, is caused by severe acute respirato ...
Deciphering the Intricacies of TGF-Beta Signaling Pathway(Post)Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in orchestrating various cellular processes, ranging from embryonic development to tissue homeostasis and immun ...
LATS1/2 Kinases Review(Post)LATS kinases belong to a family of proteins that, in mammals, are comprised of two isoforms, LATS1 and LATS2. Originally identified in Drosophila melanogaster as Warts kinase, LATS1 and LATS2 s ...
Decoding the Language of Cells: Chemokine Signaling Pathways Unveiled(Post)Chemokines are small signaling proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system by directing the movement of cells, orchestrating immune responses, and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Th ...
CD86: Enhancing T Cell Activation in Immunotherapy(Post)Introduction to CD86 and Its Role in Immune Activation CD86 is a crucial co-stimulatory molecule that plays an essential role in T cell activation, driving the immune system’s abili ...
Etigilimab: Unveiling the Role of Anti-TIGIT in Cancer Research(Post)Key Facts About EtigilimabWhat is Etigilimab?Etigilimab is an anti-TIGIT monoclonal antibody being studied for its potential role in cancer immunotherapy.What role does Etigilimab play ...
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor: An Overview (Post)Leukemia Inhibitory Factor and JAK-STAT Signalling Pathway Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a cytokine that belongs to the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines. Other members of ...
Adipocytokines(Page)Adipocytokines or adipokines are bioactive molecules that are produced by adipose tissue. They comprise cytokines, chemokines coagulation factors and factors involved ...
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Co-Immunoprecipitation (co-IP) Protocol(Page)Co-immunoprecipitation Protocol A detailed guide of how Co-IP works, a step by step Co-IP protocol and some hints & tips for your Co-IP workflow! Introductio ...
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