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Imagine engineering a patient's own immune cells into precision-guided missiles against cancer—cells that can seek out and destroy tumors with remarkable specificity. This is the promise of CAR-T cell therapy, and for patients with certain blood cancers like leukemia and lymphoma, it has been nothing short of revolutionary. Yet when these same engineered cells encounter solid tumors—the masses that make up the vast majority of human cancers—they often sputter and fail. The tumor microenvironment, it turns out, is a metabolic battlefield where CAR-T cells arrive ready to fight but quickly find themselves starved, poisoned, and exhausted. Recent research published in 2024 and 2025 is now revea …