10510 results for 'signal transduction'

Imagine a future where a simple blood test could detect cancer in its earliest stages, long before symptoms appear. This isn't science fiction; it's the rapidly advancing reality of liquid biopsy, a ...

Quick Facts About GuselkumabWhat is Guselkumab?Guselkumab is a biologic therapy that selectively targets the p19 subunit of interleukin-23 (IL-23), playing a critical role in inflammato ...

In the realm of biological and biochemical research, solutions play a pivotal role in various experimental procedures, from cell culture to molecular biology assays. Among the plethora ...

For decades, the fight against cancer has been a grueling battle of attrition, with treatments often as harsh as the disease itself. But a revolutionary approach, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T ce ...

Immunology · Cytokine SignallingTNF-alpha and Inflammation: Structure, Signalling & TherapyTumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is one of the most important pro-inflammatory cytokines in the body ...

Understanding the differentiation pathways of neural stem cells (NSCs) and the identification of lineage-specific markers is a cornerstone in the field of neurobiology and regenerative medicine.

Both Assay Genie MORV0010 and Promega E1910 effectively quenched Firefly luciferase before Renilla detection, minimizing signal overlap. E1910 achieved 99.95% quenching efficiency, whil ...

Novel Gene Therapies for Cystic Fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive, life-limiting disease resulting from gene mutations that encode the cystic fib ...

A neuron is a cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. There are trillions of them in the human brain, which is able to carry out so many comple ...

Katherine Edwards, PhD Student, Queen’s University Belfast Cytokines play a vital role in immune responses enabling cross-talk between different cell types ...

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Introduction to TNFRSF9 and Its Role in Immune ActivationTNFRSF9, also known as 4-1BB or CD137, is a co-stimulatory receptor expressed on the surface of T cells, natural killer (NK) cell ...

Introduction to CD80 and Its Role in Immune Activation CD80 is a critical immune checkpoint molecule that plays an essential role in T cell activation through co-stimulatory pathway ...

Interleukin signaling is involved in a number of biological processes, including cell growth and differentiation, inflammation and immunity. Interleukins are glycoproteins which act on hem ...

What You Need to Know About LusvertikimabWhat is Lusvertikimab?Lusvertikimab is a monoclonal antibody designed to inhibit the IL-4 receptor, a key player in regulating immune responses, ...

Glutamate receptors are pivotal in mediating excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS), playing crucial roles in synaptic transmission, plasticity, learning, and memory. Th ...

Delve into the role of Cleaved Caspase-3 in programmed cell death and its implications in disease pathologies, unraveling its regulatory mechanisms and potential as a therapeutic target.

Nod-like receptors Nod like receptors (NLRs) are a versatile family of relatively recently discovered intracellular receptors which have a b ...

Imagine a world where cancer treatment is no longer a blunt instrument but a precision-guided surgical strike, executed by the body's own immune system. For years, we have dreamed of 'smart' cells t ...

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequently occurring cancers and there are 630,000 new cases diagnosed every year worldwide (De Minicis et al. 2013). HCC develops frequently f ...

Cancer detection often relies on advanced imaging or invasive procedures, frequently catching the disease at later, more challenging stages. Imagine a future where a simple, non-invasive test could ...

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a fundamental process that plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of healthy tissues. Central to this process are caspases, a family of c ...

A new way to deliver genetic therapies is making waves in the medical world. The lenti virus vector system has been shown to be more effective than traditional methods of gene thera ...

Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) represent a fascinating component of the immune system, playing a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and mounting rapid responses against pathogens. Th ...

Endocrinology · ImmunologyCortisol and the Immune ResponseCortisol is the body’s primary stress hormone — a glucocorticoid released by the adrenal gland that powerfully shapes the immune system. Acti ...

In the evolving landscape of cellular biology, intracellular flow cytometry (ICFC) stands out as a powerful technique for analyzing the complexities within cells. This advanced method extends the ...

By Zoe Angel, PhD Student, Ulster University Prostate cancer is now the commonest cancer in men and it is the fifth leading cause of death (1). Researc ...

Cancer cells are adept at avoiding destruction by the immune system, often exploiting specific pathways to escape detection and elimination. One of these key mechanisms involves the SIRP ...

Overview: Doublet discrimination is essential in Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) to ensure accurate results, as doublets (two cells sticking together) can resemble single cell ...

RIG-I: Antiviral Properties in COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection Key Points RIG-I is a cytosolic RNA ...

Introduction to KIR Blockade in Cancer ImmunotherapyNatural killer (NK) cells are crucial components of the innate immune system, responsible for recognizing and destroying virally infe ...

For decades, we viewed cancer as a rogue army of cells, a biological glitch driven solely by genetic mutations and metabolic greed. We imagined tumors as isolated fortresses, growing in a vacuum of ...

Transfection protocols play a crucial role in the realm of molecular biology and genetic research, enabling the introduction of foreign nucleic acids into living cells. This innovat ...

Secondary antibodies are pivotal in the detection of target antigens in various immunodetection assays such as Western blotting, ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), and immunohistochemistr ...

Exploring LAG-3: A Key Regulator in T Cell ImmunityLAG-3 (Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3) is an inhibitory receptor that plays a crucial role in modulating T cell activation and effector functions. Thi ...

What You Need to Know About MagrolimabWhat is Magrolimab?Magrolimab is an anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody that targets the "don't eat me" signal on cancer cells, promoting their destructi ...

What You Need to Know About OzuriftamabWhat is Ozuriftamab?Ozuriftamab is an investigational monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, designed to enhance immune-mediated clearance of cancer ...

Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative haematopoietic malignancy, characterised by a karyotypic abnormality present in more than 95% of cases known as the Philadelp ...

Introduction to SLAMF7 in Cancer Immunotherapy SLAMF7, also known as Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule F7, is a surface receptor found on natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, ...

Introduction to CD86 and Its Role in Immune Activation CD86 is a crucial co-stimulatory molecule that plays an essential role in T cell activation, driving the immune system’s abili ...

Introduction to TLR4 and Cancer Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a key component of the innate immune system, primarily responsible for detecting infections and initiating inflammator ...

Schwann cells are cells that play a vital role in nerve function. They are responsible for myelinating axons and helping to ensure the transmission of electrical signals between neurons. Schwann ...

One of the greatest challenges in cancer therapy is how tumors evade immune detection. Among the mechanisms cancer cells exploit, the CD47 pathway has emerged as a major player in helpin ...

Written by Seán Mac Fhearraigh, PhD  •  Updated: 19 May 2026  •  ~9 min read Quick Answer The five main types of ELISA are sandwich, competitive, direct, indirect and multiple ...

What are Natural Killer Cells? Natural Killer (NK) cells are a vital subset of lymphocytes, belonging to the same family as B cells and T cells, collectively known a ...

Quick Facts About VixarelimabWhat is Vixarelimab?Vixarelimab is an investigational monoclonal antibody developed to target oncostatin M receptor beta (OSMRβ), a key pathway involved in ...

Quick Facts About UlocuplumabWhat is Ulocuplumab?Ulocuplumab is an investigational monoclonal antibody targeting CXCR4, a chemokine receptor involved in tumor progression and immune cel ...

What You Need to Know About BersanlimabWhat is Bersanlimab?Bersanlimab is a cutting-edge anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody designed to disrupt cancer cells' evasion of immune detection.What ...

Understanding the EGFR Pathway and YAP in Non-Small Cell Lung CancerThe epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of non-small cell lung ...

Introduction to IL-10R and Immune Suppression in CancerThe interleukin-10 receptor (IL-10R) is a key player in regulating immune responses, particularly in suppressing inflammation and m ...

Quick Facts About SiltuximabWhat is Siltuximab?Siltuximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine involved in inflammation and immune regulation.What is the ...

Acetylation, a chemical process characterized by the addition of an acetyl functional group to a molecule, stands as a cornerstone in both biochemical and biological landscapes. Its significan ...

Time-Resolved Fluorescence (TRF) technology is a cutting-edge analytical technique that has revolutionized the fields of biochemistry, immunology, and molecular biology. By offering a refined app ...

The complex interplay between chemokines and cytokines is fundamental to the immune system's function, orchestrating the body's response to infection, inflammation, and injury. This detailed anal ...

Introduction to CD73 and Tumor Immunosuppression CD73, also known as ecto-5'-nucleotidase, is an enzyme found on the surface of various cells, including tumor cells and immune cells ...

Structure, Function, and Detection Assays for COVID-2019 Background The global spread of the novel co ...

What Are Oligodendrocytes? Functions, Markers & Disease LinksOligodendrocytes are pivotal CNS cells, integral for myelin formation and nerve function, with implications in various n ...

Oligodendrocytes are pivotal CNS cells, integral for myelin formation and nerve function, with implications in various neurological disorders. Key Takeaways Oligodendrocytes are speci ...

Quick Info Section: Key Facts About PlozalizumabWhat is Plozalizumab?Plozalizumab is an investigational monoclonal antibody that targets CD47, a key immune checkpoint in cancer cells. B ...

Quick Facts About TomaralimabWhat is Tomaralimab?Tomaralimab is an anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody designed to enhance immune system recognition of cancer cells by blocking the "don't eat ...

Quick Facts About IndusatumabWhat is Indusatumab?Indusatumab is an experimental antibody therapy targeting CD47, a protein that enables cancer cells to evade immune destruction.How does ...

CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily, plays a pivotal role in regulating immune responses, particularly in activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) a ...

Chemokines are highly conserved cytokines that control the movement of cells around the body. All 45 members of the chemokine family can be divided into 4 subfamilies depending on t ...

Bone Biology · BiomarkersBone Resorption: Process, Markers & Clinical SignificanceBone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone tissue and release its stored minerals into t ...

Immune evasion is one of the hallmarks of cancer, where tumor cells employ various strategies to suppress immune responses and prevent destruction by the body’s defense systems. CD200, a ...

Discover the critical role of cytokines as signaling molecules in immune responses, their functions, and the impact of their dysregulation, including cytokine storms. Key Takeaways: C ...

What is CD52? Cluster Of Differentiation 52 (CD52) is a highly expressed membrane glycoprotein which is present on the surface of immune cel ...

For decades, the battle against cancer has focused on the cellular 'soldiers' and the genetic 'blueprints' within them. Yet, a vast, invisible world of communication exists between these cells—a sec ...

By Dr. Lisa Dwane, Postdoctoral Researcher, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland The first link between estrogen and breast cancer was made in the ...

Introduction to BTLA in Immune Regulation B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is an immune checkpoint molecule that plays a critical role in regulating immune responses by suppress ...

Quick Facts About PraluzatamabWhat is Praluzatamab?Praluzatamab is an experimental monoclonal antibody that targets CD47, a “don’t eat me” signal used by cancer cells to evade immune de ...

Quick Facts About IvuxolimabWhat is ivuxolimab?Ivuxolimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, a "don't eat me" signal that cancer cells exploit to evade immune destruction.How does ...

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Quick Facts About AlsevalimabWhat is Alsevalimab?Alsevalimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, a protein involved in immune evasion by cancer cells. By blocking CD47, Alsevalimab ...

Quick Facts About LemzoparlimabWhat is Lemzoparlimab?Lemzoparlimab is a monoclonal antibody that targets CD47, a protein known for its role in helping tumors evade the immune system. By ...

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What is Parkinson’s disease? Parkinson's disease can be seen as a neurodegenerative disease because it is associated with the loss of nerve ce ...

At Assay Genie we have created a comprehensive guide outlining everything you need to know about apoptosis! Key Takeaways: Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process, vital for tissu ...

CD Markers Cluster of Differentiation (CD) markers play an important role in the differentiation of B cells, T cells and NK (natural killer) c ...

Introduction to TREM2 and Tumor-Associated Macrophages in CancerTREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) is an immunoregulatory receptor primarily expressed on macrophage ...

What You Need to Know About BermekimabWhat is Bermekimab?Bermekimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the CD47 receptor, developed to modulate the immune system and improve conditions ...

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are pivotal in the fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). These receptors are not only crucial for normal bra ...

Quick Facts About AvizakimabWhat is Avizakimab?Avizakimab is a monoclonal antibody designed to target the CD47 protein, a key checkpoint in immune regulation, particularly in cancer the ...

What You Need to Know About MilatuzumabWhat is Milatuzumab?Milatuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD74, a molecule involved in antigen presentation and cell signaling.

What You Need to Know About ImalumabWhat is Imalumab?Imalumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a key regulator of inflammation and immune ...

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Adipocytokines or adipokines are bioactive molecules that are produced by adipose tissue. They comprise cytokines, chemokines coagulation factors and factors involved ...

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Co-stimulatory and Co-inhibitory Molecules in Adaptive Immunity The adaptive immune system is in part regulated by a vast array of co-stim ...

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