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    Interferons(Post)

    Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signalling proteins that are produced and released from cells in response to viral infection and other stimuli such as normal and tumour cell survival and ...

    Protein Kinases: Overview, Classification and Therapeutic Potential(Post)

    Kinases, key enzymes in cellular signaling, phosphorylate proteins to regulate crucial processes, and their modulation has significant implications in disease treatment. Key Takeaways: K ...

    LATS1/2 Kinases Review(Post)

    LATS kinases belong to a family of proteins that, in mammals, are comprised of two isoforms, LATS1 and LATS2. Originally identified in Drosophila melanogaster as Warts kinase, LATS1 and LATS2 s ...

    Cyclins and Cyclin Dependent Kinase – Review(Post)

    Cyclins and CDKs are central to cell cycle control, with specific cyclin-CDK pairs regulating different phases, ensuring orderly progression and genomic integrity in cell division. Key Takeaw ...

    Polo-like kinase (Plk1) substrates and mitosis(Post)

    Polo-like kinase (Plk1) Polo-like kinase (Plk1), is a serine/threonine kinase that is active during mitosis (Hamanaka et al., 1995). Its name is derived from its orig ...

    How to improve your relationship with your PI or Professor(Post)

    After probably a round or two of interviews and a PhD in your pocket you would think that proving yourself in your new lab would not be an issue. After all, they did hire you because you were ...

    Key Players in T Cell Regulation: Lag-3, Tim-3, and TIGIT(Post)

    Understanding Lag-3, Tim-3, and TIGIT: Key Players in T Cell RegulationThe immune system's ability to regulate T cell responses is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and combating diseases such as c ...

    TIM-3/Gal-9 Pathway in Antiparasitic Immunity(Post)

    Exploring the Role of TIM-3/Gal-9 in Antiparasitic ImmunityIntroductionThe immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that work together to defend the body against pathogens, including ...

    LAG-3: Key Regulator of T Cell Immunity(Post)

    Exploring LAG-3: A Key Regulator in T Cell ImmunityLAG-3 (Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3) is an inhibitory receptor that plays a crucial role in modulating T cell activation and effector functions. Thi ...

    Insulin Signaling and RTK: An Overview(Post)

    Explore the intricate world of Insulin Signaling and Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs), pivotal in regulating metabolism and influencing diseases like cancer and atherosclerosis. Key Take ...

    Cleaved Caspase-3 and Apoptosis(Post)

    Delve into the role of Cleaved Caspase-3 in programmed cell death and its implications in disease pathologies, unraveling its regulatory mechanisms and potential as a therapeutic target.

    EGF Family (Post)

    Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is a protein that stimulates cell growth and differentiation by binding to its receptor epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which triggers ligand-induced ...

    Cell Signalling – Mini Review(Post)

    Cell Signalling Cell signalling pathways have an important role in integrating a plethora of extracellular and intracellular signals to produce a controlled optimal ...

    p38 MAPK Signaling Review(Post)

    The p38 MAPK signaling pathway is an intracellular signaling pathway that plays a crucial role in cellular responses to various stressors and inflammatory stimuli. It is a part of the larger MAPK ...

    Hippo Pathway Review(Post)

    MST2/Hippo PathwayMammalian Sterile Twenty (MST) pathways have been identified as a homologue of the ste20 kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Creasy and Chernoff 1995). The MST2/Hippo pathwa ...

    Decoding the Language of Cells: Chemokine Signaling Pathways Unveiled(Post)

    Chemokines are small signaling proteins that play a crucial role in the immune system by directing the movement of cells, orchestrating immune responses, and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Th ...

    Bullying in the Laboratory and workplace(Post)

    The lab can be one of the greatest places in the world to make live long friends. Spending countless hours in a tissue culture room late into the middle of the night, sharing similar frustrati ...

    MAPK Signaling: Unraveling the Pathway of Mitogen Stimulation(Post)

    Introduction to MAPK Signaling in Cellular Processes Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are crucial in transmitting signals from the cell surface to the DNA in the c ...

    Phosphorylation: Types, ATP Synthesis & Cell Signalling [Guide](Post)

    Introduction Phosphorylation is a fundamental biochemical process that plays a crucial role in various cellular functions. It involves the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, typ ...

    MAPK Signaling in Inflammatory Cytokines Pathways(Post)

    The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway is a pivotal signaling cascade that plays a crucial role in mediating cellular responses to various external stimuli. This pathway is intricate ...

    MAPK Oxidative Stress Pathway: A Journey through Cellular Signaling(Post)

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    AKT Signalling – Mini Review(Post)

    Protein kinase B or AKT (PKB) is a serine/threonine kinase. In mammals it is comprised of 3 highly homologous isoforms PKBα (Akt1), PKBβ (Akt2), and PKBγ (Akt3) (Manning and Cantley 2007). AKT ...

    Erk Signal Transduction Explained: Step-by-Step Process & Key Concepts(Post)

    The ERK signal transduction pathway stands as a fundamental mechanism in cellular biology, orchestrating a wide array of physiological processes, including cell division, differentiation, and sur ...

    JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway: A Comprehensive Exploration(Post)

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    Fenofibrate Usage for Diabetes Damage(Post)

    Fenofibrate, also known as FEN, is a drug that is used to lower cholesterol levels. It works by blocking the absorption of dietary cholesterol in the small intestine and therefore, re ...

    10 Steps of Glycolysis: Enzymes, Diagram & ATP Yield(Post)

    Glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic pathway that involves the breakdown of glucose to produce energy. This process can occur through two main pathways: aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis. Both p ...

    Understanding the mTOR Signaling Pathway: A Key Player in Cell Growth and Metabolism(Post)

    The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a crucial regulator of cell growth and metabolism, responding to environmental cues and cellular energy status. This pathway's signif ...

    Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) – Review(Post)

    Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative haematopoietic malignancy, characterised by a karyotypic abnormality present in more than 95% of cases known as the Philadelp ...

    JAK-STAT Signalling and Cytokines: The What, How, and Why(Post)

    In the intricate landscape of cellular communication, lies a sophisticated ...

    Ras signaling pathway(Post)

    A wide variety of cell surface receptors activate Ras GTPase, including the tyrosine receptor linked to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (Wells 1999). Upon receptor stimulation, son ...

    3 Reasons to Publish in Open Access Journals(Post)

    Over the past few years momentum has gained in the scientific publishing community for researchers to publish their data in open access scientific journals. Open access to published research o ...

    Adipokines and Insulin Signaling Pathways: An In-Depth Exploration(Post)

    The prevalence of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders has risen dramatically in recent decades, presenting a significant global health challenge. Adipose tissue, once considered mer ...

    Relatlimab: Unlocking the Potential of LAG-3 Inhibition in Cancer Research(Post)

    Quick Facts About RelatlimabWhat is Relatlimab?Relatlimab is a monoclonal antibody that targets LAG-3 (Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3), a key immune checkpoint involved in T-cell regulati ...

    Leukemia Inhibitory Factor: An Overview (Post)

    Leukemia Inhibitory Factor and JAK-STAT Signalling Pathway Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a cytokine that belongs to the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines. Other members of ...

    Cell Synchronisation Methods(Post)

    What is Cell Synchronisation? Cell synchronisation is a process by which cells at different stages of the cell cycle in a culture are brought to the same phase. Cell synchronisation is ...

    LAG-3: Revitalizing T Cells in Exhaustion for Combination Therapies(Post)

    Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3) is an immune checkpoint receptor that plays a critical role in regulating T cell function. In recent years, LAG-3 has emerged as a potential target f ...

    Cobolimab: Unveiling TIM-3’s Role in Cancer Immunotherapy(Post)

    Quick Facts About CobolimabWhat is Cobolimab?Cobolimab is a monoclonal antibody that targets TIM-3, a checkpoint protein involved in immune regulation, especially in cancer and autoimmu ...

    CD25 Marker(Post)

    CD25, a key molecule in immune regulation, is integral to the function of activated lymphocytes and regulatory T cells. It's central in mediating immune responses, with implications in autoimmune ...

    The role of IL-18 in health and disease(Post)

    Exploring IL-18: A key cytokine in inflammation and disease. Key Takeaways: IL-18, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a pivotal role in immune responses, particularly in inducing Type II ...

    Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF)(Post)

    Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) is a cytokine that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes within the human body. It has gained significant attention in the field o ...

    10 Steps to increase lab productivity(Post)

    How to increase lab productivityWhen you look back at some weeks in the lab it seems like you have achieved nothing and your lab productivity can be low. Your cloning hasn’t worked or your mice ...

    TIM-3: Targeting T Cell Exhaustion for Better Immunotherapy Outcomes(Post)

    T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) is an immune checkpoint receptor that plays a pivotal role in T cell exhaustion, a state where T cells lose their ability to e ...

    Toll-like Receptor Signalling in Neurodegenerative Disease(Post)

    Toll-Like Receptors The innate immune response has come under the spotlight in recent years due to its central role in propagating the pathoge ...

    Phosphatases and PTP1B – Mini review(Post)

    IntroductionThe human kinome is estimated to contain 518 genes, in comparison to the estimated 180 genes that comprise the phosphatome (Arena et al., 2005). These kinase genes represent a signi ...

    Zilovertamab: Unlocking the Potential of ROR1-Targeted Therapy(Post)

    Quick Facts About ZilovertamabWhat is Zilovertamab?Zilovertamab is a monoclonal antibody targeting ROR1, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed in hematologic cancers and solid tumors ...

    VEGF-A VEGFR-2 Signaling: Decoding the Blueprint of Angiogenesis for Therapeutic Insights(Post)

    The orchestration of angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels form from pre-existing ones, is a complex symphony regulated by various molecular players. At the forefront of this in ...

    The Notch Signalling Pathway: Its Steps and Impacts(Post)

    Notch signalling pathway review The Notch signalling pathway is a highly conserved intercellular signalling pathway that regulates various cellular processes. The Notch receptor is a t ...

    Immunometabolism – A therapeutic perspective(Post)

    What is Immunometabolism? Immunometabolism is an exponentially growing, multi-disciplinary field of research aiming at deciphering the dynamic cellular and mol ...

    IL-10 signalling and regulation(Post)

    Explore the complexities of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) signaling and regulation, a crucial aspect in immune response modulation and its dual roles in cancer development and therapy. Key Takeaways ...

    Understanding Glutamate Receptors: Classification, Function, and Implications in Neurological Disorders(Post)

    Glutamate receptors are pivotal in mediating excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS), playing crucial roles in synaptic transmission, plasticity, learning, and memory. Th ...

    VEGF: Inflammation and Tumourigenesis(Post)

    What is VEGF? Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGFs) are a group of homodimeric polypeptides, and are master regulators of vascular development, maintenance and ...

    Mitophagy: The Cell's Cleanup Crew for Healthy Living(Post)

    Mitophagy, a term derived from the fusion of "mitochondria" and "autophagy," represents a vital cellular process responsible for the targeted degradation and recycling of dysfunctional mitocho ...

    Advantages of Small Molecule Inhibitors in Therapeutic Interventions(Post)

    Small molecule inhibitors represent a significant advancement in the field of therapeutic interventions, offering a versatile approach to treating a myriad of diseases, including cancer, viral in ...

    TUNEL staining : The method of choice for measuring cell death(Post)

    TUNEL Staining : The method of choice for measuring cell death In this article we will discuss everything you need to know about the TUNEL staining assay. We'll start by explaining wha ...

    Targeted Protein Degradation: The Next Frontier in Oncology Drug Discovery(Post)

    For decades, cancer drug development has focused on blocking proteins—inhibiting enzymes, antagonizing receptors, disrupting signaling pathways. Yet this approach leaves a vast landscape of disease- ...

    Spindle Assembly Checkpoint review(Post)

    Spindle assembly checkpoint The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), or mitotic checkpoint, is the main cell cycle control mechanism that governs mitosis. Incorre ...

    A Guide To Tau Proteins & Tauopathies(Post)

    Explore the essential role of Tau proteins in neuronal health and their impact in neurodegenerative diseases, unfolding the complexity behind their functions and dysfunctions. Key Takeaways: ...

    Interleukin-8 signalling(Post)

    IL-8 Overview Interleukin-8 (IL-8), also known as CXCL8, was discovered over 30 years ago as a small molecule that could promote chemotaxis and induce the production ...

    Mitotic Catastrophe Review(Post)

    Delving into the intricate world of Mitotic Catastrophe, this blog unveils its critical role in cell division and cancer therapy, offering insights into its mechanisms and potential treatments ...

    Prostate Cancer Markers : What to Look for in Your Test Results(Post)

    In this blog post, we will review prostate cancer markers and what you should look for in your results. Prostate antigen marker (PSA) and p63 are the most common markers found in pr ...

    Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)(Post)

    Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a complex enzyme involved in the conversion of pyruvate, a product of glycolysis, into acetyl-CoA, a crucial molecule in energy production and intermediary ...

    Growth Factors: Key Players in Biological Processes(Post)

    Growth factors play a vital role in the complex web of biological processes, serving as key regulators in various essential events. They exert significant influence over cruc ...

    Growth Factors Can Cooperate to Promote Tumorigenesis(Post)

    Introduction Tumorigenesis, the process by which normal cells transform into cancer cells, is a multifaceted and complex event influenced by various internal and external factors. Among th ...

    ST2 and IL33(Post)

    ST2, a member of the IL-1R Subfamily ST2 is a member of the IL-1R subfamily and was identified in 1989 [1]. The ST2 gene is located on chromos ...

    Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Methyltransferase expression(Post)

    Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequently occurring cancers and there are 630,000 new cases diagnosed every year worldwide (De Minicis et al. 2013). HCC develops frequently f ...

    Unraveling the Complexity of the Notch Signaling Pathway: A Key Player in Development and Disease(Post)

    The Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved cellular communication system that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, ...

    Patritumab Deruxtecan: Mechanism, Clinical Applications, and Biosimilar Advances(Post)

    Quick Facts About Patritumab DeruxtecanWhat is Patritumab Deruxtecan?Patritumab Deruxtecan (HER3-DXd) is an investigational antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting HER3, a receptor impl ...

    Inhibiting cell division(Post)

    Unregulated cell growthCancer, although heterogeneous by its very nature, can be broadly defined as a set of diseases characterised by unregulated cell growth leading to invasion of surroundin ...

    Understanding activating PIK3CA mutations in human disease(Post)

    Ralitsa R. Madsen – University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Each one of us is the result of an extraordinary developmental proce ...

    Siltuximab: Exploring IL-6 Inhibition in Castleman’s Disease and Research(Post)

    Quick Facts About SiltuximabWhat is Siltuximab?Siltuximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine involved in inflammation and immune regulation.What is the ...

    Unraveling the Synergy: How Growth Factors Cooperate to Promote Tumorigenesis(Post)

    In the intricate ballet of cellular communication and regulation, growth factors play pivotal roles in guiding the processes of cell growth, division, and differentiation. These proteins are esse ...

    Fgf Signaling Pathway Explained: Step-by-Step Process & Key Concepts(Post)

    Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are pivotal in regulating cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The FGF signaling pathways play a critical role in embryonic ...

    Girentuximab: Exploring Its Mechanism, Clinical Potential, and Research Advancements(Post)

    Quick Facts About GirentuximabWhat is Girentuximab?Girentuximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), predominantly expressed in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) ce ...

    Wnt Signalling Pathway in Immunity(Post)

    What is Wnt Signalling? The Wnt signalling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that plays critical roles in the regulation of determining cell ...

    3D Cell Culture: Assay Guide(Post)

    References Key Points Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures are artificially-created environments in which cells are permitted to grow or interact with their surroundings in a 3D f ...

    BDNF in inflammation and neuropathologies(Post)

    BDNF Overview Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a central mediator of neuroplasticity, a term used to describe the ability of neuron ...

    Tau proteins: An Overview (Post)

    The tau protein is a hot topic in the scientific world right now. This little-known protein has been linked to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative dise ...

    Nod-Like Receptor Signaling Pathway: A Keystone in Innate Immunity(Post)

    The innate immune system, a primary line of defense against pathogens, comprises various cellular and molecular mechanisms. Among these, the Nod-like Receptor (NLR) signaling pathways play a crit ...

    Enapotamab: Advancing Cancer Research with Innovative Therapeutics(Post)

    Quick Facts About EnapotamabWhat is Enapotamab?Enapotamab is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) developed to target tumor cells selectively, offering new hope in cancer treat ...

    Cellular Respiration: Stages, ATP Production & Pathway Guide(Post)

    Discover the intricacies of cellular respiration, a critical process for energy production in cells, encompassing aerobic and anaerobic pathways and their molecular mechanisms Key Takeaway ...

    How to be a Confident Speaker (Scientific)(Post)

    Like needles in a haystack, interesting speakers that bring charisma and rock n roll to their talks are hard to come by. No matter what the research interests of the audience, these speakers h ...

    Autophagy in Focus: Molecular Mechanisms and Functional Insights(Post)

    Autophagy, a fundamental cellular process, plays an indispensable role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and ensuring the efficient recycling of cellular components. Through this ...

    The role of IFN gamma in inflammation, cancer and autoimmune disease(Post)

    Interferons are key cytokines in the immune system, crucial for combating viral and bacterial infections, with significant roles in both innate and adaptive immunity responses. Key Takeaways ...

    The Brain's Sentinels: How Microglia Shape Neuroinflammation in Disease(Post)

    The Brain's Sentinels: How Microglia Shape Neuroinflammation in Disease In the intricate landscape of the human brain, a silent, ever-watchful guardian stands ready to defend against injury and inva ...

    GPCRs (G Protein Coupled Receptors): A Guide(Post)

    What Are GPCRs? GPCRs, or G protein-coupled receptors, are a large family of membrane proteins that play a crucial role in cell signaling. They are involved in tran ...

    PD-1 & PD-L1 Inhibitors(Post)

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    Leukocytes : Basics to Diseases(Post)

    Only 1% of our blood is made up of white blood cells, but they have a significant impact. Alternatively referred to as leukocytes, white blood cells. We are shielded from disease an ...

    Unraveling the Mysteries of Platelet-Activating GPCR Signaling(Post)

    Platelet activation plays a pivotal role in hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding and initiates wound healing. Central to this process is the activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR ...

    Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways: A Key to Innate Immunity(Post)

    In the intricate landscape of the immune system, toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a fundamental role in the first line of defense against pathogens. These receptors, essential components of the in ...

    Cell-Based ELISA Kits (Page)

    Cell-Based ELISA Kits No More Western Blots! Over 1,600 Cell-Based ELISA kits to measure the relative levels of intracellular and phosphorylat ...

    Annexin V Assays(Page)

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    ELISA Sampler Packs(Page)

    ELISA Sampler Packs Based on thousands of citations and years of scientific endeavour, Assay Genie has developed ELISA Sampler Packs. An ELISA Sampler Pack is a ...

    Chemokines(Page)

        Chemokines   Key Research Areas       C Chemokine Ligands XCL1/Lymphot ...

    Multiplex Custom Panels(Page)

    Create your own custom multiplex assay with over 400 analytes to choose from! At Assay Genie we can develop custom assays to meet your research needs within 10 days! To find out more infor ...

    Immunometabolism Assays(Page)

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    Enzyme Activity Assays(Page)

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    PharmaGenie ELISA Kits(Page)

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    Multiplex Assays(Page)

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    Diabetes & Obesity Assays (Page)

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    Citations(Page)

    Product CitationsMore than 1,000 cited products in scientific journalsWe're not just any scientific company; our products have made waves in the scientific community. From groundbreakin ...