10359 results for 'free addit'

T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) is an immune checkpoint receptor that plays a pivotal role in T cell exhaustion, a state where T cells lose their ability to ef

The CD28 molecule plays a crucial role in amplifying T cell activation, which is critical for mounting effective immune responses against tumors. By engaging with co-stimulatory molecules

TIGIT (T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains) has emerged as a promising target in cancer immunotherapy and the treatment of autoimmune diseases. As a checkpoint receptor, TIGIT

Quick Facts About FarletuzumabWhat is Farletuzumab?Farletuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting folate receptor alpha (FRα), a protein overexpressed in ovarian and other epi

Quick Facts About RituximabWhat is Rituximab?Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20, a protein found on the surface of B cells. It plays a crucial role in treating autoimmune

Immune Regulation in COVID-19: Immunomodulatory Mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2 Infection What is COVID-19?

This article breaks down the glycoprotein Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) detailing its structure, function and therapeutic uses. It also describes its role in imm

Immunology · Complement SystemThe Alternative Complement PathwayThe alternative pathway is one of three routes that activate complement — an antibody-independent, always-on surveillance system d

What is a Macrophage? Macrophages are indeed a type of phagocyte, responsible for engulfing and destroying foreign particles and cellular debris. They are larger cells with more cytoplasm an

Cancer Biology · GeneticsTumour Suppressor Genes: Roles, Examples & CancerTumour suppressor genes are the brakes on cell growth — they restrain proliferation, repair damaged DNA and trigger apoptosis

Millions of people are afflicted with cancer each year. 2016 statistics for the USA alone show over half a million deaths attributed to cancer 1. We have come a long way from our early underst

Monocytes, as part of the innate immune system, act as the first line of defense against foreign invaders. One of their primary functions is phagocytosis, a crucial process in which they engulf

Techniques · Molecular CloningGuide to Bacterial Transformation: The Science of Genetic ManipulationBacterial transformation is the process by which bacteria take up foreign DNA — usually a plasmid —

If you've ever had a urinary tract infection, you know all about bacteria. These tiny organisms can invade your body and cause all sorts of problems. But what you may not know is tha

Toll-like receptors are the reason a milligram of endotoxin can kill a mouse. They are the fastest, least discriminating layer of immunity: germline-encoded sensors that read conserved microbial chem

Imagine a world where we can fold the very fabric of life into microscopic machines, guiding the growth of a single neuron with the precision of a master architect. This isn't science fiction; it is

By Ciara Coleman PhD General Introduction Coeliac Disease (CD) is defined as a common, chronic inflammatory disease

A depletion experiment is only as good as the depletion you can prove. Injecting a functional-grade antibody and assuming the population is gone is the most common failure mode in in vivo immunology.

Introduction to BTLA in Immune Regulation B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is an immune checkpoint molecule that plays a critical role in regulating immune responses by suppressing T

Antibodies · Reagent GuideMonoclonal vs Polyclonal Antibodies: Key DifferencesMonoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are the two workhorse reagent types in research, diagnostics and therapy. Monoclonals

Immunology · HaematopoiesisMyeloid Lineage: Pioneers of Immune Cell DevelopmentThe myeloid lineage is one of the two great branches of haematopoiesis, generating the innate immune and blood cells — mo

Metabolism · Biochemistry GuideBeta-Oxidation of Fatty AcidsBeta-oxidation is the mitochondrial pathway that breaks fatty acids down into acetyl-CoA for energy. This guide covers where it happen

T Cell Types, Activation, Polarization & Function A comprehensive guide to T cells! Introduction T-cells, vital components of the immune system, encompass vari

Myrna Hurtado, PhD Student, University of North Texas Health Science Center Advancements in modern medicine have resulted in significantly prolonging and a

Biologics · TNF InhibitionAdalimumab: Mechanism, Clinical Applications and BiosimilarsAdalimumab is a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds tumour necrosis factor alpha and prevents it engag

Clinical · Immunology Guide IgA Test: Normal Ranges, Results & What They Mean [2026] What the immunoglobulin A blood test measures, how result

By Diana-Madalina Stan, PhD student, University of Salford Disease Description Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a neu

What is Gut Inflammation? The gut, or gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a long tube that starts from the mouth and extends to the anus. It includes various organs such

Flow Cytometry · GatingExcluding Doublets in Flow Cytometry: Pulse Geometry and Gating StrategyTwo cells passing the laser together are recorded as one event, with roughly double the signal. In DNA co

Cancer Biology · Cell Signallingp53: Structure, Signalling, Regulation and Mutation in Cancerp53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer, and the reason is structural: a single tetrameric

Immunology · T LymphocytesCD8+ T Cells: Cytotoxic Mechanisms, Memory and ExhaustionCD8+ T cells kill infected and transformed cells directly, and they do it with a specificity nothing else in the immu

by Ryan Wallis, PhD student, QMUL, Blizard Institute The microscopic world of cell biology was first explored by Robert Hooke in the 17th century and published in his work, Microgra

Immunology · HyperinflammationCytokine Storm and Cytokine Release Syndrome: Mechanisms, Triggers and MarkersA cytokine storm is a self-amplifying inflammatory response in which cytokine release drives

by Ryan Wallis, PhD Aging and Disease Imagine a world where everything you do is missing just a little piece and as time goes on you start to lose sense entirely. This is the deva

Gene Delivery · Viral VectorsLentiviral Vectors: Design, Production and Use in Gene DeliveryLentiviral vectors integrate their cargo into the host genome and transduce dividing and non-dividing cells

Explore antigen presentation's crucial role in adaptive immunity and its impact on cancer immunotherapy, highlighting the diversity and function of MHC class I molecules. Key Takeaway

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMP) were first discovered in the 1960s by Dr.Marshall Urist, an orthopaedic surgeon at UCLA (Urist 1965). BMPs are classically associated with their roles in limb

Lab Methods · Flow CytometryFlow Cytometry Protocol: Two Worked Protocols, Controls and 10 Practical TipsFlow cytometry measures individual cells in a fluid stream at hundreds per second, reporting si

PK-ELISA-Assay: Freie oder totale Wirkstoffmessung wählen? Ein PK-ELISA-Assay quantifiziert die Konzentration eines Biotherapeutikums in Serum oder Plasma, und zwar entweder als freie, pharmakologisc

Mononuclear phagocytes, essential in immunity and homeostasis, perform diverse roles from phagocytosis to tissue repair, influencing health and disease. Key Takeaways: Mononuclear p

Cell Culture · ProtocolsCell Synchronisation Methods: Protocols for G1, S, G2 and M Phase ArrestAn asynchronous culture contains cells at every stage of the cycle at once, so any measurement is an ave

Cell Cycle · KinasesCyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases: Regulation, Substrates and Mitotic ControlCDKs are inactive on their own. They require a cyclin partner, and because cyclin levels rise and fa

Cell Death · BiomarkersCleaved Caspase-3: Activation, Function and Detection in ApoptosisCaspase-3 sits at the point where apoptotic signalling becomes irreversible. It is made as an inactive proenzym

Haematology · HaemostasisPlatelets: Formation, Structure, Activation and Clinical SignificancePlatelets are anucleate fragments shed from megakaryocytes, and they carry out primary haemostasis — adher

Cell Culture · ProtocolsHaemocytometer Cell Counting: Procedure, Calculation and Common ErrorsA haemocytometer turns a known chamber volume into a cell concentration, and the whole method rests on fou

Neuroscience · BiomarkersA Guide to Tau Proteins & TauopathiesTau keeps the neuronal cytoskeleton standing up. When its phosphorylation goes wrong, the same protein becomes the aggregate that defines

Cell Biology · PathologyNecrosis: Types, Causes, Mechanisms and How It Is MeasuredNecrosis is cell death accompanied by membrane rupture and release of intracellular contents — which is what makes it

Imagine engineering a patient's own immune cells into precision-guided missiles against cancer—cells that can seek out and destroy tumors with remarkable specificity. This is the promise of CAR-T cell

In Vivo Methods · ProtocolsMouse Injection Guide: Intraperitoneal, Subcutaneous, Intramuscular & Intravenous RoutesRoute choice and injection technique determine how much of a dose actually reaches it

Cómo eliminar endotoxinas de proteínas recombinantes sin perder actividad biológica La forma más fiable de obtener proteínas recombinantes con niveles seguros de endotoxina es combinar medidas upstre