Rat Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (Dld) ELISA Kit (RTEB1064)

Product Name:	Rat Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (Dld) ELISA Kit
SKU:	RTEB1064
Size:	96T
Target:	Rat Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (Dld)
Synonyms:	Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase
Assay Type:	Competitive
Detection Method:	ELISA
Reactivity:	Rat
Detection Range:	0.78-50ng/mL
Sensitivity:	0.47ng/mL

Intra CV:

4.3%

Inter CV:

7.5%

Linearity:

Sample	1:2	1:4	1:8	1:16
Serum(N=5)	95-105%	95-105%	103-114%	90-100%
EDTA Plasma(N=5)	102-112%	95-105%	93-102%	89-102%
Heparin Plasma(N=5)	98-108%	112-122%	90-100%	86-95%

Recovery:

Sample Type	Average(%)	Recovery Range(%)
Serum	93	87-99
Plasma	95	89-101

Function:

Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a component of the glycine cleavage system as well as an E3 component of the alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes (pyruvate-, alpha-ketoglutarate-, and branched-chain amino acid-dehydrogenase complex). In monomeric form has additional moonlighting function as serine protease (By similarity). Involved in the hyperactivation of spermatazoa during capacitation and in the spermatazoal acrosome reaction.

Uniprot:	Q6P6R2
Sample Type:	Serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids
Specificity:	Natural and recombinant rat Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
Sub Unit:	Homodimer. Part of the multimeric pyruvate dehydrogenase complex that contains multiple copies of pyruvate dehydrogenase (subunits PDH1A and PDHB, E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (DLAT, E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD, E3). These subunits are bound to an inner core composed of about 48 DLAT and 12 PDHX molecules (by non covalent bonds). Interacts with PDHX.
Research Area:	Cell Biology
Subcellular Location:	Mitochondrion matrix Cytoplasmic vesicle Secretory vesicle Acrosome Cell projection Cilium Flagellum
Storage:	Please see kit components below for exact storage details
Note:	For research use only

UniProt Protein Function:	DLD: a multi-functional mitochondrial enzyme. An enzymatic component of the mitochondrial glycine cleavage system, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC), the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, and the branched-chain alpha-keto acide dehydrogenase complex. Is the E3 component of the PDHC that catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO2. The E3 component has dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase activity. The PDHC contains 20-30 copies of pyruvate decarboxylase tetramers (2 alpha:2 beta)(E1), 60 copies of dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2), six homodimers of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3), plus E3 binding proteins. Defects in DLD are a cause of maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), characterized by mental and physical retardation, feeding problems and a maple syrup odor to the urine. The keto acids of the branched-chain amino acids are present in the urine, resulting from a block in oxidative decarboxylation. Differentially expressed in the Wernicke's Area from patients with schizophrenia. Inhibited by 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (MICA).
UniProt Protein Details:	Protein type:Carbohydrate Metabolism - pyruvate; Amino Acid Metabolism - valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation; Carbohydrate Metabolism - glycolysis and gluconeogenesis; Carbohydrate Metabolism - citrate (TCA) cycle; EC 1.8.1.4; Oxidoreductase; Amino Acid Metabolism - glycine, serine and threonine; Mitochondrial Cellular Component: acrosomal matrix; cilium; mitochondrial matrix; mitochondrion; myelin sheath; nucleoplasm; oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex; pyruvate dehydrogenase complex Molecular Function:dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase activity; FAD binding; lipoamide binding; NAD binding Biological Process: 2-oxoglutarate metabolic process; acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate; aging; cell redox homeostasis; dihydrolipoamide metabolic process; gastrulation; lipoate metabolic process; mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone; proteolysis; regulation of membrane potential; sperm capacitation
NCBI Summary:	This gene encodes a member of the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. A similar protein in human, mouse, and pig has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. In homodimeric form, the protein functions as a dehydrogenase and is found in several multi-enzyme complexes that regulate energy metabolism. However, as a monomer, the protein can function as a protease. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]
UniProt Code:	Q6P6R2
NCBI GenInfo Identifier:	40786469
NCBI Gene ID:	298942
NCBI Accession:	NP_955417.1
UniProt Related Accession:	Q6P6R2
Molecular Weight:
NCBI Full Name:	dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
NCBI Synonym Full Names:	dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase
NCBI Official Symbol:	Dld
NCBI Protein Information:	dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
UniProt Protein Name:	Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial
UniProt Synonym Protein Names:	Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase
Protein Family:	Delta-like protein
UniProt Gene Name:	Dld
UniProt Entry Name:	DLDH_RAT

Component	Quantity (96 Assays)	Storage
ELISA Microplate (Dismountable)	8×12 strips	-20°C
Lyophilized Standard	2	-20°C
Sample Diluent	20ml	-20°C
Assay Diluent A	10mL	-20°C
Assay Diluent B	10mL	-20°C
Detection Reagent A	120µL	-20°C
Detection Reagent B	120µL	-20°C
Wash Buffer	30mL	4°C
Substrate	10mL	4°C
Stop Solution	10mL	4°C
Plate Sealer	5	-

Other materials and equipment required:

Microplate reader with 450 nm wavelength filter
Multichannel Pipette, Pipette, microcentrifuge tubes and disposable pipette tips
Incubator
Deionized or distilled water
Absorbent paper
Buffer resevoir

*Note: The below protocol is a sample protocol. Protocols are specific to each batch/lot. For the correct instructions please follow the protocol included in your kit.

Allow all reagents to reach room temperature (Please do not dissolve the reagents at 37°C directly). All the reagents should be mixed thoroughly by gently swirling before pipetting. Avoid foaming. Keep appropriate numbers of strips for 1 experiment and remove extra strips from microtiter plate. Removed strips should be resealed and stored at -20°C until the kits expiry date. Prepare all reagents, working standards and samples as directed in the previous sections. Please predict the concentration before assaying. If values for these are not within the range of the standard curve, users must determine the optimal sample dilutions for their experiments. We recommend running all samples in duplicate.

Step
1.	Add Sample: Add 100µL of Standard, Blank, or Sample per well. The blank well is added with Sample diluent. Solutions are added to the bottom of micro ELISA plate well, avoid inside wall touching and foaming as possible. Mix it gently. Cover the plate with sealer we provided. Incubate for 120 minutes at 37°C.
2.	Remove the liquid from each well, don't wash. Add 100µL of Detection Reagent A working solution to each well. Cover with the Plate sealer. Gently tap the plate to ensure thorough mixing. Incubate for 1 hour at 37°C. Note: if Detection Reagent A appears cloudy warm to room temperature until solution is uniform.
3.	Aspirate each well and wash, repeating the process three times. Wash by filling each well with Wash Buffer (approximately 400µL) (a squirt bottle, multi-channel pipette,manifold dispenser or automated washer are needed). Complete removal of liquid at each step is essential. After the last wash, completely remove remaining Wash Buffer by aspirating or decanting. Invert the plate and pat it against thick clean absorbent paper.
4.	Add 100µL of Detection Reagent B working solution to each well. Cover with the Plate sealer. Incubate for 60 minutes at 37°C.
5.	Repeat the wash process for five times as conducted in step 3.
6.	Add 90µL of Substrate Solution to each well. Cover with a new Plate sealer and incubate for 10-20 minutes at 37°C. Protect the plate from light. The reaction time can be shortened or extended according to the actual color change, but this should not exceed more than 30 minutes. When apparent gradient appears in standard wells, user should terminatethe reaction.
7.	Add 50µL of Stop Solution to each well. If color change does not appear uniform, gently tap the plate to ensure thorough mixing.
8.	Determine the optical density (OD value) of each well at once, using a micro-plate reader set to 450 nm. User should open the micro-plate reader in advance, preheat the instrument, and set the testing parameters.
9.	After experiment, store all reagents according to the specified storage temperature respectively until their expiry.

When carrying out an ELISA assay it is important to prepare your samples in order to achieve the best possible results. Below we have a list of procedures for the preparation of samples for different sample types.

Sample Type	Protocol
Serum	If using serum separator tubes, allow samples to clot for 30 minutes at room temperature. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1,000x g. Collect the serum fraction and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles. If serum separator tubes are not being used, allow samples to clot overnight at 2-8°C. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1,000x g. Remove serum and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.
Plasma	Collect plasma using EDTA or heparin as an anticoagulant. Centrifuge samples at 4°C for 15 mins at 1000 × g within 30 mins of collection. Collect the plasma fraction and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Note: Over haemolysed samples are not suitable for use with this kit.
Urine & Cerebrospinal Fluid	Collect the urine (mid-stream) in a sterile container, centrifuge for 20 mins at 2000-3000 rpm. Remove supernatant and assay immediately. If any precipitation is detected, repeat the centrifugation step. A similar protocol can be used for cerebrospinal fluid.
Cell culture supernatant	Collect the cell culture media by pipette, followed by centrifugation at 4°C for 20 mins at 1500 rpm. Collect the clear supernatant and assay immediately.
Cell lysates	Solubilize cells in lysis buffer and allow to sit on ice for 30 minutes. Centrifuge tubes at 14,000 x g for 5 minutes to remove insoluble material. Aliquot the supernatant into a new tube and discard the remaining whole cell extract. Quantify total protein concentration using a total protein assay. Assay immediately or aliquot and store at ≤ -20 °C.
Tissue homogenates	The preparation of tissue homogenates will vary depending upon tissue type. Rinse tissue with 1X PBS to remove excess blood & homogenize in 20ml of 1X PBS (including protease inhibitors) and store overnight at ≤ -20°C. Two freeze-thaw cycles are required to break the cell membranes. To further disrupt the cell membranes you can sonicate the samples. Centrifuge homogenates for 5 mins at 5000xg. Remove the supernatant and assay immediately or aliquot and store at -20°C or -80°C.
Tissue lysates	Rinse tissue with PBS, cut into 1-2 mm pieces, and homogenize with a tissue homogenizer in PBS. Add an equal volume of RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitors and lyse tissues at room temperature for 30 minutes with gentle agitation. Centrifuge to remove debris. Quantify total protein concentration using a total protein assay. Assay immediately or aliquot and store at ≤ -20 °C.
Breast Milk	Collect milk samples and centrifuge at 10,000 x g for 60 min at 4°C. Aliquot the supernatant and assay. For long term use, store samples at -80°C. Minimize freeze/thaw cycles.