The Rat Hexokinase 1 (HK1) ELISA Kit is specifically designed for the precise measurement of hexokinase 1 levels in rat serum, plasma, and cell culture supernatants. This kit offers exceptional sensitivity and specificity, ensuring accurate and reproducible results that are suitable for a variety of research applications.Hexokinase 1 is a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, responsible for catalyzing the first step in glucose metabolism.
Its dysregulation has been linked to various diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders, making it a valuable biomarker for studying these conditions and potentially developing therapeutic interventions.Overall, the Rat Hexokinase 1 (HK1) ELISA Kit provides researchers with a reliable tool for investigating the role of hexokinase 1 in disease pathogenesis and identifying potential therapeutic targets.
Product Name:
Rat Hexokinase-1 (Hk1) ELISA Kit
SKU:
RTEB0447
Size:
96T
Target:
Rat Hexokinase-1 (Hk1)
Synonyms:
Brain form hexokinase, Hexokinase type I, Hexokinase-A, HK I
Assay Type:
Sandwich
Detection Method:
ELISA
Reactivity:
Rat
Detection Range:
0.156-10ng/mL
Sensitivity:
0.086ng/mL
Intra CV:
4.6%
Inter CV:
8.1%
Linearity:
Sample
1:2
1:4
1:8
1:16
Serum(N=5)
103-112%
102-112%
106-117%
112-122%
EDTA Plasma(N=5)
107-118%
105-114%
90-90%
114-126%
Heparin Plasma(N=5)
101-111%
99-109%
98-110%
107-117%
Recovery:
Sample Type
Average(%)
Recovery Range(%)
Serum
86
80-92
Plasma
88
82-94
Function:
Catalyzes the phosphorylation of various hexoses, such as D-glucose, D-glucosamine, D-fructose, D-mannose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose, to hexose 6-phosphate (D-glucose 6-phosphate, D-glucosamine 6-phosphate, D-fructose 6-phosphate, D-mannose 6-phosphate and 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate, respectively) (PubMed:13211595, PubMed:5871820, PubMed:3579310). Mediates the initial step of glycolysis by catalyzing phosphorylation of D-glucose to D-glucose 6-phosphate (PubMed:13211595, PubMed:5871820). Involved in innate immunity and inflammation by acting as a pattern recognition receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan (By similarity). When released in the cytosol, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine component of bacterial peptidoglycan inhibits the hexokinase activity of HK1 and causes its dissociation from mitochondrial outer membrane, thereby activating the NLRP3 inflammasome (By similarity).
Uniprot:
P05708
Sample Type:
Serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids
Specificity:
Natural and recombinant rat Hexokinase-1
Sub Unit:
Monomer (By similarity). Interacts with RABL2/RABL2A; binds preferentially to GTP-bound RABL2 (By similarity). Interacts with VDAC1. The HK1-VDAC1 complex interacts with ATF2 (By similarity). Interacts (via N-terminal spermatogenic cell-specific region) with PFKM (via C-terminus) (By similarity).
Research Area:
Metabolism
Subcellular Location:
Mitochondrion outer membrane Peripheral membrane protein Cytoplasm Cytosol The mitochondrial-binding peptide (MBP) region promotes association with the mitochondrial outer membrane. Dissociates from the mitochondrial outer membrane following inhibition by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, leading to relocation to the cytosol.
Storage:
Please see kit components below for exact storage details
Note:
For research use only
UniProt Protein Function:
HK1: a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the reaction ATP + D-hexose = ADP + D-hexose 6-phosphate. The first and rate-limiting step in glycosis, a pathway that produces energy in the form of ATP from glucose. An allosteric enzyme inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6-P). HK-2 and its mitochondrial receptor (VDAC) play the most pivotal and direct roles in the ""Warburg effect"". Acts as a ""glucose sensor"" by trapping glucose inside the cell by catalyzing its phosphorylation to produce Glc-6-P. In vertebrates there are four major glucose-phosphorylating isoenzymes, designated hexokinase I, II, III and IV (glucokinase). Four human isoforms are produced by alternative splicing and alternative initiation. Isoform HK1 is markedly elevated in rapidly growing tumor cells exhibiting high glucose catabolic rates. HK1 is present in most tissues but is especially prominent in brain and kidney. Isoform HK1-SC is is an integral membrane protein detected in round spermatids, condensing spermatids and mature sperm where it is found in the head membranes, mitochondria of the midpiece and the fibrous sheath of the flagellum. Isoform HK1-SA is first expressed during meiosis and continues to be present in postmeiotic germ cells while isoform HK1-SB is present only in postmeiotic germ cells.
UniProt Protein Details:
Protein type:Carbohydrate Metabolism - fructose and mannose; Carbohydrate Metabolism - galactose; Carbohydrate Metabolism - starch and sucrose; Kinase, other; EC 2.7.1.1; Carbohydrate Metabolism - glycolysis and gluconeogenesis; Carbohydrate Metabolism - amino sugar and nucleotide sugar; Mitochondrial
NCBI Summary:
a ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase involved in the phosphorylation of glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate [RGD, Feb 2006]
hexokinase-1; HK I; hexokinase type I; brain form hexokinase
UniProt Protein Name:
Hexokinase-1
UniProt Synonym Protein Names:
Brain form hexokinase; Hexokinase type I
Protein Family:
Probable histidine kinase
UniProt Gene Name:
Hk1
UniProt Entry Name:
HXK1_RAT
Component
Quantity (96 Assays)
Storage
ELISA Microplate (Dismountable)
8×12 strips
-20°C
Lyophilized Standard
2
-20°C
Sample Diluent
20ml
-20°C
Assay Diluent A
10mL
-20°C
Assay Diluent B
10mL
-20°C
Detection Reagent A
120µL
-20°C
Detection Reagent B
120µL
-20°C
Wash Buffer
30mL
4°C
Substrate
10mL
4°C
Stop Solution
10mL
4°C
Plate Sealer
5
-
Other materials and equipment required:
Microplate reader with 450 nm wavelength filter
Multichannel Pipette, Pipette, microcentrifuge tubes and disposable pipette tips
Incubator
Deionized or distilled water
Absorbent paper
Buffer resevoir
*Note: The below protocol is a sample protocol. Protocols are specific to each batch/lot. For the correct instructions please follow the protocol included in your kit.
Allow all reagents to reach room temperature (Please do not dissolve the reagents at 37°C directly). All the reagents should be mixed thoroughly by gently swirling before pipetting. Avoid foaming. Keep appropriate numbers of strips for 1 experiment and remove extra strips from microtiter plate. Removed strips should be resealed and stored at -20°C until the kits expiry date. Prepare all reagents, working standards and samples as directed in the previous sections. Please predict the concentration before assaying. If values for these are not within the range of the standard curve, users must determine the optimal sample dilutions for their experiments. We recommend running all samples in duplicate.
Step
1.
Add Sample: Add 100µL of Standard, Blank, or Sample per well. The blank well is added with Sample diluent. Solutions are added to the bottom of micro ELISA plate well, avoid inside wall touching and foaming as possible. Mix it gently. Cover the plate with sealer we provided. Incubate for 120 minutes at 37°C.
2.
Remove the liquid from each well, don't wash. Add 100µL of Detection Reagent A working solution to each well. Cover with the Plate sealer. Gently tap the plate to ensure thorough mixing. Incubate for 1 hour at 37°C. Note: if Detection Reagent A appears cloudy warm to room temperature until solution is uniform.
3.
Aspirate each well and wash, repeating the process three times. Wash by filling each well with Wash Buffer (approximately 400µL) (a squirt bottle, multi-channel pipette,manifold dispenser or automated washer are needed). Complete removal of liquid at each step is essential. After the last wash, completely remove remaining Wash Buffer by aspirating or decanting. Invert the plate and pat it against thick clean absorbent paper.
4.
Add 100µL of Detection Reagent B working solution to each well. Cover with the Plate sealer. Incubate for 60 minutes at 37°C.
5.
Repeat the wash process for five times as conducted in step 3.
6.
Add 90µL of Substrate Solution to each well. Cover with a new Plate sealer and incubate for 10-20 minutes at 37°C. Protect the plate from light. The reaction time can be shortened or extended according to the actual color change, but this should not exceed more than 30 minutes. When apparent gradient appears in standard wells, user should terminatethe reaction.
7.
Add 50µL of Stop Solution to each well. If color change does not appear uniform, gently tap the plate to ensure thorough mixing.
8.
Determine the optical density (OD value) of each well at once, using a micro-plate reader set to 450 nm. User should open the micro-plate reader in advance, preheat the instrument, and set the testing parameters.
9.
After experiment, store all reagents according to the specified storage temperature respectively until their expiry.
When carrying out an ELISA assay it is important to prepare your samples in order to achieve the best possible results. Below we have a list of procedures for the preparation of samples for different sample types.
Sample Type
Protocol
Serum
If using serum separator tubes, allow samples to clot for 30 minutes at room temperature. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1,000x g. Collect the serum fraction and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles. If serum separator tubes are not being used, allow samples to clot overnight at 2-8°C. Centrifuge for 10 minutes at 1,000x g. Remove serum and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles.
Plasma
Collect plasma using EDTA or heparin as an anticoagulant. Centrifuge samples at 4°C for 15 mins at 1000 × g within 30 mins of collection. Collect the plasma fraction and assay promptly or aliquot and store the samples at -80°C. Avoid multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Note: Over haemolysed samples are not suitable for use with this kit.
Urine & Cerebrospinal Fluid
Collect the urine (mid-stream) in a sterile container, centrifuge for 20 mins at 2000-3000 rpm. Remove supernatant and assay immediately. If any precipitation is detected, repeat the centrifugation step. A similar protocol can be used for cerebrospinal fluid.
Cell culture supernatant
Collect the cell culture media by pipette, followed by centrifugation at 4°C for 20 mins at 1500 rpm. Collect the clear supernatant and assay immediately.
Cell lysates
Solubilize cells in lysis buffer and allow to sit on ice for 30 minutes. Centrifuge tubes at 14,000 x g for 5 minutes to remove insoluble material. Aliquot the supernatant into a new tube and discard the remaining whole cell extract. Quantify total protein concentration using a total protein assay. Assay immediately or aliquot and store at ≤ -20 °C.
Tissue homogenates
The preparation of tissue homogenates will vary depending upon tissue type. Rinse tissue with 1X PBS to remove excess blood & homogenize in 20ml of 1X PBS (including protease inhibitors) and store overnight at ≤ -20°C. Two freeze-thaw cycles are required to break the cell membranes. To further disrupt the cell membranes you can sonicate the samples. Centrifuge homogenates for 5 mins at 5000xg. Remove the supernatant and assay immediately or aliquot and store at -20°C or -80°C.
Tissue lysates
Rinse tissue with PBS, cut into 1-2 mm pieces, and homogenize with a tissue homogenizer in PBS. Add an equal volume of RIPA buffer containing protease inhibitors and lyse tissues at room temperature for 30 minutes with gentle agitation. Centrifuge to remove debris. Quantify total protein concentration using a total protein assay. Assay immediately or aliquot and store at ≤ -20 °C.
Breast Milk
Collect milk samples and centrifuge at 10,000 x g for 60 min at 4°C. Aliquot the supernatant and assay. For long term use, store samples at -80°C. Minimize freeze/thaw cycles.
