DUOX1
DUOX1 (dual oxidase 1, also known as NOXEF1, THOX1 and LNOX1) is a glycoprotein member of the NADPH oxidase family that generates hydrogen peroxide. This H2O2 supports thyroid hormone synthesis and lactoperoxidase-mediated antimicrobial defence at mucosal surfaces. Browse Assay Genie's current range of DUOX1 research reagents below, or read on for the biology behind the target.
DUOX1 generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is required for the activity of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and lactoperoxidase (LPO). In the thyroid, thyroid hormone synthesis is catalysed by a complex at the apical membrane of follicular cells. That complex contains an iodide transporter, thyroperoxidase and a peroxide-generating system formed by the DUOX1 protein and the similar DUOX2. At mucosal surfaces, LPO uses DUOX1-derived H2O2 to produce the antimicrobial agent hypothiocyanite (OSCN-), which promotes influenza virus inactivation by reducing viral binding to and entry into host cells.
Beyond host defence, DUOX1 promotes antiviral immunity by increasing airway cytokine levels, promoting innate immune cell recruitment and reducing airway epithelial cell apoptosis. In response to bacterial stimuli, it is activated by ATP and promotes EGFR/ERK signalling, ADAM17 activation and EGFR ligand shedding, leading to enhanced CXCL8/IL-8 expression and secretion in airway epithelia. It also synthesises NAADP from its reduced form, NAADPH, which promotes Ca(2+) signalling during T cell activation.
The DUOX1 gene encodes a protein called dual oxidase because it combines a peroxidase homology domain with a gp91phox (NADPH oxidase) domain. The N-terminal section belongs to the peroxidase family, although one study showed that the isolated peroxidase-like domain does not bind haem and has no intrinsic peroxidase activity. HGNC places DUOX1 in the EF-hand domain containing, flavoprotein, NADH oxidase and dual oxidase gene groups. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been described. Mouse and rat both have a Duox1 ortholog.
DUOX1 forms part of the peroxide-generating system that supplies H2O2 for thyroid peroxidase at the apical membrane of thyroid follicular cells.
DUOX1-derived H2O2 fuels lactoperoxidase to produce hypothiocyanite, a central part of antimicrobial defence at mucosal surfaces.
DUOX1 promotes EGFR/ERK signalling, ADAM17 activation and CXCL8/IL-8 secretion in airway epithelia responding to bacterial stimuli.
DUOX1 supports influenza inactivation and antiviral immunity, and synthesises NAADP to promote Ca(2+) signalling during T cell activation.
DUOX1 generates hydrogen peroxide, which thyroid peroxidase and lactoperoxidase need for activity. It contributes to thyroid hormone synthesis and to lactoperoxidase-mediated antimicrobial defence at mucosal surfaces. It also promotes airway EGFR/ERK signalling and supports Ca(2+) signalling in activated T cells through NAADP synthesis.
DUOX1 is also called dual oxidase 1, NOXEF1, THOX1 and LNOX1. It is named dual oxidase because it contains both a peroxidase homology domain and a gp91phox domain. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described, and both encode the same protein.
DUOX2 is the similar gene to DUOX1. Together, the proteins they encode form the peroxide-generating system of the thyroid hormone synthesis complex at the apical membrane. Mouse and rat each have a Duox1 ortholog; check the datasheet of any product for its validated reactivity.
DUOX2, the closely related dual oxidase paralogue that also supports thyroid peroxidase activity, with products at Assay Genie.
Gene and protein annotations from HGNC, NCBI Gene and UniProt Q9NRD9; product specifications from Assay Genie datasheets.