FPR2
FPR2 (formyl peptide receptor 2) is a pattern recognition G protein-coupled receptor that detects N-formyl methionine peptides from pathogens and damaged host mitochondria. It is also known as ALX, ALXR, LXA4R, FPRL1 and FMLP-R-II, and it has roles in inflammation. Browse Assay Genie's current range of FPR2 research reagents below, or read on for the biology behind the target.
FPR2 is a pattern recognition G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that recognises peptides carrying an N-terminal formyl methionine. These peptides come from invading pathogens or from host mitochondria, and so act as pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns. FPR2 preferentially recognises longer peptides or those with particular sequences, such as the phenol-soluble modulin family of formylated toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus. Ligand binding changes the receptor conformation and triggers signalling through G(i)/GNAI1, which inhibits adenylate cyclase and lowers intracellular cAMP.
Unlike a strictly formylpeptide-specific receptor, FPR2 also recognises chemically distinct endogenous proteins and lipids, which underlies its multiple roles in inflammation. It acts as a receptor for the chemokine-like protein FAM19A5, mediating macrophage chemotaxis and inhibiting TNFSF11/RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. It also functions as a ceramide membrane receptor: binding of long-chain ceramides (C14 to C20) induces conformational changes that inhibit diet-induced adipose thermogenesis. In neuroprotection, FPR2 interacts with humanin/MT-RNR2 and amyloid-beta 42, a product of APP, and NCBI Gene annotates amyloid-beta binding and a cellular response to amyloid-beta.
Signalling depends on oligomerisation state. Binding of ANXA1 to an FPR2 homodimer activates the p38 MAPK pathway, leading to HSPB1/HSP27 phosphorylation and IL-10 production in monocytes, whereas agonist activation of FPR1:FPR2 heterodimers signals a proapoptotic JNK pathway in neutrophils. FPR2 belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor 1 family and sits in the HGNC groups for formyl peptide receptors and leukotriene receptors. Its previous name was formyl peptide receptor-like 1, and the FPR2 gene has a mouse ortholog, Fpr2. NCBI Gene also lists positive regulation of the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade among its processes.
FPR2 senses formylated peptides from pathogens and host mitochondria and responds to varied endogenous ligands, giving it multiple roles in inflammation.
The receptor preferentially recognises longer formylated peptides, including S. aureus phenol-soluble modulins, making it relevant to host detection of bacterial toxins.
FPR2 interacts with humanin and amyloid-beta 42 and binds amyloid-beta, linking it to neuroprotective signalling and cellular responses to amyloid-beta.
As a ceramide receptor it inhibits diet-induced adipose thermogenesis, and as a FAM19A5 receptor it restrains RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation.
FPR2 is a cell-surface GPCR that recognises N-formyl methionine peptides from pathogens or damaged mitochondria, as well as endogenous proteins and lipids. Ligand binding signals through G(i), inhibiting adenylate cyclase and lowering cAMP, and the receptor contributes to inflammatory responses.
FPR2 is also called ALX, ALXR, LXA4R, FPRL1, FPRH2, FPR2A, FMLP-R-II, FMLPX and HM63. Its previous HGNC name was formyl peptide receptor-like 1, and UniProt lists it as N-formyl peptide receptor 2.
FPR2 and FPR1 can form heterodimers, and agonist activation of FPR1:FPR2 signals a proapoptotic JNK pathway in neutrophils. The mouse ortholog is Fpr2; check the datasheet of any product for its validated reactivity.
Other formyl peptide receptors that share the formylpeptide-sensing GPCR family with FPR2.
Gene and protein annotations from HGNC, NCBI Gene and UniProt P25090; product specifications from Assay Genie datasheets.