XDH
XDH (xanthine dehydrogenase, also known as XOR, XO and XDH/XO) is a molybdenum-containing flavoprotein and a key enzyme in purine degradation. It oxidises hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid, and contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Browse Assay Genie's current range of XDH research reagents below, or read on for the biology behind the target.
XDH is a key enzyme in purine degradation. It catalyses the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine, and then the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. It also contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species, and shows low oxidase activity towards aldehydes in vitro. This links the enzyme to both nucleotide catabolism and cellular redox biology.
The XDH gene encodes xanthine dehydrogenase, which belongs to the group of molybdenum-containing hydroxylases involved in the oxidative metabolism of purines. HGNC places it among the flavoproteins and the xanthine dehydrogenase/aldehyde oxidase family. UniProt annotates the protein as xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase and reports it in the cytoplasm, the peroxisome and in secreted form. The mouse and rat orthologs are both named Xdh.
The protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein, able to perform mechanistically distinct functions. Xanthine dehydrogenase can be converted to xanthine oxidase by reversible sulfhydryl oxidation or by irreversible proteolytic modification, which explains the aliases XOR, XO and XDH/XO. The previous name was xanthene dehydrogenase. Defects in XDH cause xanthinuria, may contribute to adult respiratory stress syndrome, and may potentiate influenza infection through an oxygen metabolite-dependent mechanism. Researchers studying the XDH protein or the XDH gene therefore work across metabolism, oxidative stress and infection biology.
XDH oxidises hypoxanthine to xanthine and xanthine to uric acid, making it a central enzyme for studying purine degradation.
The enzyme contributes to reactive oxygen species generation, so it is studied in redox biology and oxygen metabolite signalling.
Defects in XDH cause xanthinuria, making the gene relevant to inherited disorders of purine metabolism.
XDH may contribute to adult respiratory stress syndrome and may potentiate influenza infection through an oxygen metabolite-dependent mechanism.
XDH is a key enzyme in purine degradation. It catalyses the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and of xanthine to uric acid, and it contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species. It also has low oxidase activity towards aldehydes in vitro.
Xanthine dehydrogenase can be converted to xanthine oxidase by reversible sulfhydryl oxidation or by irreversible proteolytic modification. Because one gene yields both forms, the names XDH, XO, XOR and XDH/XO are used. An earlier name was xanthene dehydrogenase.
Mouse and rat both have an ortholog named Xdh. In humans, defects in XDH cause xanthinuria, and the enzyme may contribute to adult respiratory stress syndrome and potentiate influenza infection. Check the datasheet of any product for its validated reactivity.
Other purine-metabolism enzymes, flavoproteins and oxidative stress markers with products at Assay Genie.
Gene and protein annotations from HGNC, NCBI Gene and UniProt P47989; product specifications from Assay Genie datasheets.