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Exploring the Role of Gut Fungi in Neurodegenerative Diseases Neurodegenerative diseases, including dementia, represent a significant challenge to global health. Recent research has begun to uncover the hidden role of gut fungi within the microbiome, suggesting that these microbial components may influence the onset and progression of these debilitating conditions. This article delves into the significant yet often overlooked role of gut fungi in neurodegenerative diseases, providing insights into their biological mechanisms and implications for human health. Study Summary Emerging studies indicate that the gut microbiome, particularly its fungal constituents, may play a crucial role in ne …

Quick Facts About AlemtuzumabWhat is Alemtuzumab?Alemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD52, primarily used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and certain cancers like chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).What is the mechanism of action for Alemtuzumab?Alemtuzumab binds to CD52 on lymphocytes, leading to their depletion via immune-mediated cytotoxicity, resetting the immune system in diseases like MS.What are the clinical applications of Alemtuzumab?Alemtuzumab is FDA-approved for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and is used off-label for various hematologic conditions.What are Alemtuzumab’s common side effects?Side effects include infusion-related …

Quick Facts About EnavatuzumabWhat is Enavatuzumab?Enavatuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the TWEAK receptor (Fn14), pivotal in tumor growth and immune regulation.What is the mechanism of action for Enavatuzumab?Enavatuzumab binds to Fn14, inhibiting signaling pathways that promote tumor cell proliferation and survival while enhancing immune response.What are the clinical applications of Enavatuzumab?It is under investigation for treating solid tumors and hematologic malignancies due to its dual action of direct tumor cell targeting and immune system modulation.Is Enavatuzumab safe?Emerging studies indicate a manageable safety profile, though further trials are crucial …

Quick Facts About PraluzatamabWhat is Praluzatamab?Praluzatamab is an experimental monoclonal antibody that targets CD47, a “don’t eat me” signal used by cancer cells to evade immune destruction.What role does Praluzatamab play in targeting CD47?It blocks CD47–SIRPα signaling, promoting phagocytosis of tumor cells and enhancing antitumor immune responses.Is Praluzatamab safe?Initial studies reported tolerable safety profiles, but further trials were needed to fully assess its risks and hematologic side effects.What are the clinical applications of Praluzatamab?Praluzatamab has been investigated for treating myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and soli …

What You Need to Know About PolatuzumabWhat is Polatuzumab??Polatuzumab vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate targeting CD79b, a component of the B-cell receptor, used primarily in B-cell lymphomas like DLBCL.What is the mechanism of action for Polatuzumab?It delivers a cytotoxic payload directly to B cells by binding to CD79b, leading to selective cell death with reduced off-target effects.What are the clinical applications of Polatuzumab?Polatuzumab is used in combination therapies for relapsed/refractory DLBCL and is being explored for front-line treatment.Is Polatuzumab safe?It has a manageable safety profile, with common side effects including neutropenia, peripheral neuro …

What You Need to Know About MilatuzumabWhat is Milatuzumab?Milatuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD74, a molecule involved in antigen presentation and cell signaling.What is the mechanism of action for Milatuzumab?Milatuzumab binds CD74, interrupting survival pathways and triggering antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).Is Milatuzumab safe?Milatuzumab has shown manageable safety in early trials, though further studies are needed to fully define its toxicity profile.What diseases is Milatuzumab being studied for?Milatuzumab has been investigated in hematological malignancies like multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and autoimmune …

Quick Facts About GuselkumabWhat is Guselkumab?Guselkumab is a biologic therapy that selectively targets the p19 subunit of interleukin-23 (IL-23), playing a critical role in inflammatory autoimmune conditions.What is the mechanism of action for Guselkumab?It inhibits IL-23 signaling by binding to the p19 subunit, disrupting downstream inflammatory pathways involved in diseases like psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.Is Guselkumab safe?Clinical trials have shown Guselkumab to have a favorable safety profile, with most side effects being mild to moderate, such as upper respiratory infections and injection-site reactions.What conditions does Guselkumab treat?Guselkumab is FDA-appr …

Quick Facts About NarsoplimabWhat is Narsoplimab?Narsoplimab is a human monoclonal antibody that targets MASP-2, a key enzyme in the lectin pathway of the complement system.What is the mechanism of action for Narsoplimab?Narsoplimab inhibits MASP-2, blocking the activation of the lectin complement pathway and reducing inflammatory damage in immune-mediated diseases.What are the clinical applications of Narsoplimab?It has been studied in IgA nephropathy, HSCT-TMA, and other inflammatory conditions, with emerging evidence in COVID-19-related trials.Is Narsoplimab FDA-approved?Narsoplimab has received Breakthrough Therapy designation, but full FDA approval is pending further data …

Quick Facts About FarletuzumabWhat is Farletuzumab?Farletuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting folate receptor alpha (FRα), a protein overexpressed in ovarian and other epithelial cancers.What is the mechanism of action for Farletuzumab?It binds to FRα on tumor cells and mediates cytotoxic effects via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and internalization.What are the clinical applications of Farletuzumab?It has been explored in clinical trials for epithelial ovarian cancer, particularly in combination with agents like carboplatin, paclitaxel, or eribulin.Is Farletuzumab used with Ecteribulin?Yes. Farletuzumab …

Quick Facts About UlviprubartWhat is Ulviprubart?Ulviprubart is an experimental complement inhibitor designed to modulate immune responses in autoimmune diseases.What is the mechanism of action for Ulviprubart?Ulviprubart targets the complement system, reducing excessive immune activation and preventing tissue damage.What are the clinical applications of Ulviprubart?Research is evaluating Ulviprubart’s potential in treating autoimmune diseases such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome.1.) Understanding UlviprubartUlviprubart represents a significant advancement in immunotherapy, particularly for autoimmune diseases where excessive compleme …

Quick Facts About ObinutuzumabWhat is Obinutuzumab?Obinutuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20, primarily used in treating B-cell malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and follicular lymphoma.What is the mechanism of action for Obinutuzumab?Obinutuzumab works by binding to CD20 on B-cells, inducing direct cell death and enhancing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis.What are the clinical applications of Obinutuzumab?It is approved for CLL and follicular lymphoma, often in combination with other therapies such as venetoclax or bendamustine.1.) Understanding ObinutuzumabObinutuzumab, a next-generation glycoengineered monoclon …

Quick Facts About AbituzumabWhat is Abituzumab?Abituzumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets αv-integrins, playing a role in cancer treatment and fibrotic diseases.What is the mechanism of action for Abituzumab?It inhibits αv-integrins to prevent tumor cell adhesion, migration, and survival, making it a potential therapy for colorectal and prostate cancer.What are the clinical applications of Abituzumab?It has been investigated for metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), prostate cancer, systemic sclerosis, and fibrotic diseases like scleroderma.1.) Understanding AbituzumabInitially developed by Merck Serono, Abituzumab has undergone extensive preclinical and clinical evaluation …

Quick Facts About TomaralimabWhat is Tomaralimab?Tomaralimab is an anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody designed to enhance immune system recognition of cancer cells by blocking the "don't eat me" signal.What is the mechanism of action for Tomaralimab?Tomaralimab inhibits CD47, a protein that allows cancer cells to evade macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. By blocking CD47, it promotes immune clearance of tumors.What are the clinical applications of Tomaralimab?It has been investigated in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors, with ongoing research into its potential combination therapies.1.) Understanding TomaralimabTomaralimab represents a significant advancement in immuno-oncolog …

Quick Facts About ApamistamabWhat is Apamistamab?Apamistamab is a monoclonal antibody that targets the CD45 antigen on hematopoietic cells.How does Apamistamab work?When labeled with the radioactive isotope Iodine-131, Apamistamab delivers targeted radiation to CD45-expressing cells, aiding in the eradication of malignant cells.What are the clinical applications of Apamistamab?Apamistamab is primarily used in conditioning regimens before hematopoietic cell transplantation for patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML).1.) Understanding ApamistamabApamistamab, also known as Iomab-B when conjugated with Iodine-131, is an innovative therapeutic agent designe …

Quick Facts About LitifilimabWhat is Litifilimab?Litifilimab is a monoclonal antibody developed by Biogen targeting BDCA2, a receptor on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), to regulate immune response in lupus.What is the mechanism of action of Litifilimab?Litifilimab inhibits BDCA2, reducing inflammatory cytokine production and modulating the immune system, potentially benefiting lupus patients.What are the clinical applications of Litifilimab?Litifilimab is being investigated for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), with Phase 3 trials ongoing.1.) Understanding LitifilimabDeveloped by Biogen, Litifilimab has shown promising results in e …

Quick Facts About BegelomabWhat is Begelomab?Begelomab is a monoclonal antibody that targets CD26, a key molecule involved in immune regulation. It has been studied for its potential applications in treating T-cell mediated disorders, including graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).How Does Begelomab Work?Begelomab binds to CD26, modulating immune responses by affecting T-cell activation and signaling pathways. This makes it a promising candidate for managing autoimmune conditions and post-transplant complications.What Are the Clinical Applications of Begelomab?Begelomab has been explored in clinical settings for treating steroid-refractory acute GVHD, a severe complication followin …

Quick Facts About DurvalumabWhat is Durvalumab?Durvalumab (Imfinzi) is a PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitor used in immunotherapy to treat various cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).How does Durvalumab work?Durvalumab blocks PD-L1, restoring the immune system's ability to recognize and attack cancer cells.What are the clinical applications of Durvalumab?It is FDA-approved for treating NSCLC, SCLC, and biliary tract cancer and is being explored in combination therapies.What are the side effects of Durvalumab?Common side effects include fatigue, cough, and immune-related reactions such as pneumonitis and colitis.1.) Understanding Durva …

Quick Facts About GalegenimabWhat is Galegenimab?Galegenimab is an anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody designed to block the "don't eat me" signal, enhancing the immune system's ability to eliminate cancer cells.How Does Galegenimab Work?By targeting CD47, Galegenimab prevents cancer cells from evading macrophage-mediated phagocytosis, a critical mechanism in immune response.What Are the Clinical Applications of Galegenimab?Galegenimab is being investigated for its potential in treating hematologic malignancies and solid tumors, particularly in combination with other immunotherapies.1.) Understanding GalegenimabGalegenimab represents a significant advancement in immuno-oncology by ta …

Quick Facts About EmapalumabWhat is Emapalumab?Emapalumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). It is the first FDA-approved therapy for primary HLH, a life-threatening hyperinflammatory condition.What is the mechanism of action of Emapalumab?Emapalumab binds to and neutralizes IFN-γ, reducing excessive immune activation in HLH patients. By targeting this key cytokine, it helps control inflammation and prevent tissue damage.What are the clinical applications of Emapalumab?Emapalumab is primarily used to treat pediatric and adult patients with primary HLH who are unresponsive to conventional treatments. It is also being explored for seco …

Quick Facts About GlenzocimabWhat is Glenzocimab?Glenzocimab is an innovative monoclonal antibody designed to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke by selectively targeting platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI).How does Glenzocimab work?By inhibiting GPVI, Glenzocimab prevents excessive platelet aggregation while preserving normal hemostasis, reducing the likelihood of thrombotic events.What are the clinical applications of Glenzocimab?Glenzocimab is primarily investigated for its role in treating acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and preventing recurrent strokes in high-risk patients.1.) Understanding GlenzocimabGlenzocimab is a first-in-class monoclonal antibody designed to offer a safer an …

Quick Facts About VixarelimabWhat is Vixarelimab?Vixarelimab is an investigational monoclonal antibody developed to target oncostatin M receptor beta (OSMRβ), a key pathway involved in pruritus and fibrosis.What is the mechanism of action for Vixarelimab?Vixarelimab works by inhibiting OSMRβ, which plays a crucial role in inflammatory and fibrotic signaling. By blocking this pathway, it may help reduce itch severity and fibrosis progression in certain diseases.What are the clinical applications of Vixarelimab?Vixarelimab has been investigated for prurigo nodularis (PN) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Research is also exploring its potential for other fibrotic condition …

Quick Facts About VolagidemabWhat is Volagidemab?Volagidemab is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor antagonist designed to regulate glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis.How Does Volagidemab Work?It blocks the GLP-1 receptor, preventing its activation by natural ligands, thereby influencing insulin secretion and glucose regulation.What Are the Clinical Applications of Volagidemab?Volagidemab has been investigated for metabolic disorders, particularly type 2 diabetes and obesity, with research exploring its potential in controlling blood sugar levels and weight management.1.) Understanding VolagidemabVolagidemab is a novel therapeutic agent targeting the glucagon-like …

Quick Facts About AducanumabWhat is Aducanumab?Aducanumab is a monoclonal antibody designed to target and reduce amyloid-beta plaques in the brain, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease.What is the mechanism of action for Aducanumab?Aducanumab selectively binds to aggregated amyloid-beta, facilitating its clearance via microglial phagocytosis and reducing plaque burden in Alzheimer’s patients.What are the clinical applications of Aducanumab?Aducanumab is approved for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, with a focus on early-stage cases to slow cognitive decline.Why is Aducanumab controversial?The drug’s accelerated FDA approval raised debates regarding clinical efficacy, safety c …

Quick Facts About LirilumabWhat is Lirilumab?Lirilumab is an anti-KIR monoclonal antibody designed to enhance natural killer (NK) cell activity by blocking killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), which inhibit NK cell function.How Does Lirilumab Work?By targeting inhibitory KIRs on NK cells, Lirilumab prevents these cells from being suppressed by tumor cells, potentially enhancing immune-mediated cancer cell elimination.What Are the Clinical Applications of Lirilumab?Lirilumab has been investigated in clinical trials for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors, often in combination with other immunotherapies like nivolumab.1.) Understanding LirilumabLirilumab, a mon …