Blog

Clinical · Immunology Guide IgA Test: Normal Ranges, Results & What They Mean [2026] What the immunoglobulin A blood test measures, how results are interpreted against the normal reference range, and the clinical conditions — from selective IgA deficiency to celiac disease — that shift IgA levels up or down. Browse ELISA Kits → 70–400ADULT IgA mg/dL 1 of 5ANTIBODY ISOTYPES MucosalFIRST-LINE DEFENCE BloodSIMPLE SAMPLE TEST The IgA test, also known as immunoglobulin A test, is a diagnostic tool used to measure the levels of IgA …

Quick Facts About GuselkumabWhat is Guselkumab?Guselkumab is a biologic therapy that selectively targets the p19 subunit of interleukin-23 (IL-23), playing a critical role in inflammatory autoimmune conditions.What is the mechanism of action for Guselkumab?It inhibits IL-23 signaling by binding to the p19 subunit, disrupting downstream inflammatory pathways involved in diseases like psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.Is Guselkumab safe?Clinical trials have shown Guselkumab to have a favorable safety profile, with most side effects being mild to moderate, such as upper respiratory infections and injection-site reactions.What conditions does Guselkumab treat?Guselkumab is FDA-appr …

Quick Facts About NarsoplimabWhat is Narsoplimab?Narsoplimab is a human monoclonal antibody that targets MASP-2, a key enzyme in the lectin pathway of the complement system.What is the mechanism of action for Narsoplimab?Narsoplimab inhibits MASP-2, blocking the activation of the lectin complement pathway and reducing inflammatory damage in immune-mediated diseases.What are the clinical applications of Narsoplimab?It has been studied in IgA nephropathy, HSCT-TMA, and other inflammatory conditions, with emerging evidence in COVID-19-related trials.Is Narsoplimab FDA-approved?Narsoplimab has received Breakthrough Therapy designation, but full FDA approval is pending further data …

Quick Facts About FarletuzumabWhat is Farletuzumab?Farletuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting folate receptor alpha (FRα), a protein overexpressed in ovarian and other epithelial cancers.What is the mechanism of action for Farletuzumab?It binds to FRα on tumor cells and mediates cytotoxic effects via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), and internalization.What are the clinical applications of Farletuzumab?It has been explored in clinical trials for epithelial ovarian cancer, particularly in combination with agents like carboplatin, paclitaxel, or eribulin.Is Farletuzumab used with Ecteribulin?Yes. Farletuzumab …

Quick Facts About EmapalumabWhat is Emapalumab?Emapalumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). It is the first FDA-approved therapy for primary HLH, a life-threatening hyperinflammatory condition.What is the mechanism of action of Emapalumab?Emapalumab binds to and neutralizes IFN-γ, reducing excessive immune activation in HLH patients. By targeting this key cytokine, it helps control inflammation and prevent tissue damage.What are the clinical applications of Emapalumab?Emapalumab is primarily used to treat pediatric and adult patients with primary HLH who are unresponsive to conventional treatments. It is also being explored for seco …

Quick Facts About GlenzocimabWhat is Glenzocimab?Glenzocimab is an innovative monoclonal antibody designed to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke by selectively targeting platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI).How does Glenzocimab work?By inhibiting GPVI, Glenzocimab prevents excessive platelet aggregation while preserving normal hemostasis, reducing the likelihood of thrombotic events.What are the clinical applications of Glenzocimab?Glenzocimab is primarily investigated for its role in treating acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and preventing recurrent strokes in high-risk patients.1.) Understanding GlenzocimabGlenzocimab is a first-in-class monoclonal antibody designed to offer a safer an …

Quick Facts About VixarelimabWhat is Vixarelimab?Vixarelimab is an investigational monoclonal antibody developed to target oncostatin M receptor beta (OSMRβ), a key pathway involved in pruritus and fibrosis.What is the mechanism of action for Vixarelimab?Vixarelimab works by inhibiting OSMRβ, which plays a crucial role in inflammatory and fibrotic signaling. By blocking this pathway, it may help reduce itch severity and fibrosis progression in certain diseases.What are the clinical applications of Vixarelimab?Vixarelimab has been investigated for prurigo nodularis (PN) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Research is also exploring its potential for other fibrotic condition …

Quick Facts About CarlumabWhat is Carlumab?Carlumab is a monoclonal antibody developed to target CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), a key mediator in inflammatory diseases and cancer progression.What is the mechanism of action of Carlumab?Carlumab binds to CCL2, inhibiting its interaction with receptors and reducing inflammation-related signaling pathways that contribute to disease progression.What are the clinical applications of Carlumab?Carlumab has been explored for conditions such as cancer, fibrosis, and inflammatory diseases. Although clinical trials faced challenges, ongoing research continues to assess its therapeutic potential.1.) Understanding CarlumabCarlumab is a fully …

Quick Facts About Ladiratuzumab VedotinWhat is Ladiratuzumab Vedotin?Ladiratuzumab Vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) designed to target LIV-1, a protein commonly expressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).What is the mechanism of action of Ladiratuzumab Vedotin?It combines an anti-LIV-1 monoclonal antibody with monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), a cytotoxic agent, delivering targeted therapy to cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissues.What are the clinical applications of Ladiratuzumab Vedotin?Primarily investigated for TNBC, Ladiratuzumab Vedotin has been explored in clinical trials for its efficacy in patients with advanced or metastatic breast ca …

Quick Facts About TezepelumabWhat is Tezepelumab?Tezepelumab is a monoclonal antibody designed to inhibit thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a key driver of airway inflammation in severe asthma.How does Tezepelumab work?By blocking TSLP, Tezepelumab reduces inflammation across multiple pathways, making it effective for a broad range of asthma patients, regardless of biomarker levels.What are the clinical applications of Tezepelumab?Tezepelumab is FDA-approved for treating severe asthma and is being investigated for other inflammatory conditions, including atopic dermatitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP).1.) Understanding TezepelumabTezepelumab represent …

Quick Facts About UlocuplumabWhat is Ulocuplumab?Ulocuplumab is an investigational monoclonal antibody targeting CXCR4, a chemokine receptor involved in tumor progression and immune cell trafficking.What is the mechanism of action for Ulocuplumab?Ulocuplumab blocks CXCR4, disrupting cancer cell survival signals, mobilizing hematopoietic stem cells, and enhancing immune response against tumors.What are the clinical applications of Tinurilimab?Research has explored Ulocuplumab’s potential in treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML), multiple myeloma, and solid tumors like pancreatic cancer.Why was Ulocuplumab discontinued?Bristol-Myers Squibb discontinued Ulocuplumab’s development, …

Quick Facts About TinurilimabWhat is Tinurilimab?Tinurilimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, a protein that cancer cells use to evade immune system attack. By blocking CD47, Tinurilimab enhances the immune response against tumors.How does Tinurilimab work?It inhibits CD47’s interaction with SIRPα, allowing macrophages to recognize and destroy cancer cells more effectively.What are the clinical applications of Tinurilimab?It is being investigated for its potential in treating hematologic malignancies and solid tumors, particularly in combination with other immunotherapies.Is Tinurilimab safe?Ongoing clinical trials are assessing its safety and efficacy. Early results su …

What You Need to Know About ImalumabWhat is Imalumab?Imalumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a key regulator of inflammation and immune response in cancer and other diseases.How Does Imalumab Work?Imalumab binds to MIF, reducing pro-inflammatory signaling pathways that contribute to tumor progression and immune evasion.What Are the Clinical Applications of Imalumab?Emerging research suggests Imalumab's potential in oncology, particularly for colorectal and ovarian cancers, due to its role in modulating the tumor microenvironment.1.) Understanding ImalumabImalumab represents an innovative approach in the realm of immunotherapy, s …

Quick Facts About CrizanlizumabWhat is Crizanlizumab?Crizanlizumab is a monoclonal antibody used to treat sickle cell disease by targeting P-selectin, a protein involved in inflammation and blood cell adhesion.What is the mechanism of action for Crizanlizumab?Crizanlizumab works by inhibiting P-selectin, reducing sickling of red blood cells, and decreasing the frequency of vaso-occlusive crises in patients with sickle cell disease.What are the clinical applications of Crizanlizumab?Crizanlizumab is primarily used in sickle cell disease treatment, particularly for patients experiencing frequent pain episodes (vaso-occlusive crises).Is Crizanlizumab FDA-approved?Yes, Crizanlizuma …

What You Need to Know About PrezalumabWhat is Prezalumab?Prezalumab is a monoclonal antibody designed to target CD47, a protein often overexpressed in cancer cells to evade immune detection. It is being investigated for its potential in cancer immunotherapy.What is the mechanism of action for Prezalumab?Prezalumab works by blocking the CD47 pathway, which helps tumors evade immune attack. By inhibiting CD47, Prezalumab enhances the immune system’s ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells.What are the clinical applications of Prezalumab?Prezalumab is being explored in the treatment of various cancers, including hematological malignancies and solid tumors, to harness the imm …

Quick Facts About AlsevalimabWhat is Alsevalimab?Alsevalimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting CD47, a protein involved in immune evasion by cancer cells. By blocking CD47, Alsevalimab enhances the immune system's ability to recognize and attack tumors.What is the mechanism of action for Alsevalimab?Alsevalimab binds to CD47, preventing its interaction with SIRPα receptors on macrophages. This disrupts the "don't eat me" signal that helps tumors evade immune detection, thereby promoting anti-tumor immune responses.What are the clinical applications of Alsevalimab?Alsevalimab is being explored in clinical trials for various cancers, including solid tumors and hematologic malign …

Quick Facts About CanakinumabWhat is Canakinumab?Canakinumab is a human monoclonal antibody that targets interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), reducing inflammation associated with various diseases.How Does Canakinumab Work?It neutralizes IL-1β, a key inflammatory mediator, preventing downstream inflammatory responses that contribute to conditions like systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA), periodic fever syndromes, and cardiovascular disease.What Are the Clinical Applications of Canakinumab?Canakinumab is FDA-approved for treating autoinflammatory syndromes, including sJIA, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS), and familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). It has also shown …

Quick Facts About AvdoralimabWhat is Avdoralimab?Avdoralimab is a monoclonal antibody targeting C5aR1, playing a crucial role in modulating immune response and inflammation.What is the mechanism of action of Avdoralimab?Avdoralimab blocks the C5a receptor (C5aR1), preventing excessive immune activation and reducing inflammatory damage in various conditions.What are the clinical applications of Avdoralimab?Avdoralimab has been investigated for treating inflammatory diseases, including bullous pemphigoid, and has potential applications in oncology and COVID-19-related complications.1.) Understanding AvdoralimabAvdoralimab has been investigated for its therapeutic potential in a r …

Quick Facts About VesencumabWhat is Vesencumab?Vesencumab is an experimental monoclonal antibody designed to target CD47, a key regulator of immune evasion in cancer cells.How Does Vesencumab Work?By blocking CD47, Vesencumab enhances macrophage-mediated phagocytosis, enabling the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells more effectively.What Are the Clinical Applications of Vesencumab?Vesencumab is being explored for its role in treating various malignancies, including hematologic cancers and solid tumors.Is Vesencumab Safe?Preliminary studies suggest that Vesencumab is well-tolerated, though research continues to optimize its safety profile and minimize off-targe …

Biologics · Bone MetabolismDenosumab: RANKL Inhibition, Clinical Applications and BiosimilarsDenosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody against RANKL, the cytokine that drives osteoclast formation and survival. By binding RANKL it does in principle what the body’s own decoy receptor osteoprotegerin does naturally. This guide covers the RANKL–RANK–OPG axis, the two distinct dosing regimens, how it differs from bisphosphonates — including the consequences of stopping — and what biosimilarity requires.Browse denosumab reagents →RANKLThe target (TNFSF11)Fully humanIgG2 monoclonal antibodyMimics OPGThe natural decoy receptorReversibleAnd that cuts both waysKey takeawaysDenosumab binds RANKL, …

Quick Facts About RelatlimabWhat is Relatlimab?Relatlimab is a monoclonal antibody that targets LAG-3 (Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3), a key immune checkpoint involved in T-cell regulation.How Does Relatlimab Work?Relatlimab blocks LAG-3, enhancing T-cell activity and improving immune responses against cancer, particularly when combined with PD-1 inhibitors.What Are the Clinical Applications of Relatlimab?It is primarily used in treating melanoma, especially in combination with nivolumab, for patients with advanced or unresectable tumors. 1.) Understanding RelatlimabRelatlimab is a next-generation immune checkpoint inhibitor that targets Lymphocyte-Activation Gene 3 (LAG-3) …

Quick Facts About BevacizumabWhat is Bevacizumab?Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inhibiting angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels) to restrict tumor growth.How does Bevacizumab work?It binds to VEGF, preventing it from interacting with its receptors on endothelial cells, thereby reducing blood supply to tumors and slowing their progression.What are the clinical applications of Bevacizumab?Bevacizumab is used in the treatment of multiple cancers, including colorectal, lung, and ovarian cancers, as well as certain eye conditions such as age-related macular degeneration.What are the common side effects of Beva …

Quick Facts About EnapotamabWhat is Enapotamab?Enapotamab is an experimental antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) developed to target tumor cells selectively, offering new hope in cancer treatment.How does Enapotamab work?Enapotamab combines a monoclonal antibody with a cytotoxic agent to selectively bind to tumor-associated antigens, delivering a potent anti-cancer payload directly to cancer cells.What are the clinical applications of Enapotamab?This ADC has shown potential in treating solid tumors such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), melanoma, and head-and-neck cancers.1.) Understanding EnapotamabEnapotamab vedotin represents a groundbreaking advance in oncology therapeutics …

Quick Facts About IanalumabWhat is Ianalumab?Ianalumab is a monoclonal antibody currently being investigated for its potential in treating autoimmune diseases, particularly lupus and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). It is developed to target and inhibit B-cell activation, a critical mechanism in autoimmune responses.What is the mechanism of action for Ianalumab?Ianalumab works by targeting and inhibiting the B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), which is essential for the survival and activation of B cells. By blocking BLyS, it reduces the number of autoreactive B cells responsible for autoimmune damage.What are the clinical applications of Ianalumab?Ianalumab has shown promise in trea …